1. Ecology (part 1)

2. Levels Within Levels
An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment. Within an ecosystem, there are several levels of organization. Your school and its grounds are similar to an ecosystem.
1. What living things are found in and around your school?
2. What nonliving things are found in your school?
3. Into what large groups are the students in your school divided?
4. Into what smaller groups are these large groups divided?
5. Are these groups ever divided into even smaller groups? If so, what are these groups?

3. What is Ecology? Study of interactions among
1. Organisms (Living-Living)
2. Organisms and their environment (Living-Nonliving)

4. Species- a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

5. What are the Simplest Levels?
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System

6. individual

7. 3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization
Section 3-1
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8. Levels of Organization
Individual- one organism (living)
Ex. a moose

9. Levels of Organization
Population- (living-living same species in same area)
Ex. many moose

10. Levels of Organization
Community- groups of different populations (more than one population or different groups of species)
Ex. many groups of moose beavers, trees, grass (all living)

11. Levels of Organization
Ecosystem- all organisms in a particular area along with the nonliving. (living and nonliving)
Ex. many groups of moose beavers, trees, grass, rocks, water, mountains

12. Levels of Organization
Biome- group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities
(same climate and communities)
Biomes: tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, tropical savannah, temperate grassland, desert, temperate woodland and shrubland, temperate forest, northwestern coniferous forest, boreal forest (taiga), tundra, mountains and ice caps

13. Levels of Organization
Biosphere- all of the planet where life exists, includes land, water, and, air
(EARTH)
Life extends 8 km up and 11 km below the surface

14. Populations, Community & Ecosystems
Organism
Community
Ecosystem

15. Checkpoint
Would all the insects in a forest be considered a population? Why or why not?
No, there are many different species of insects this would be considered a community of insects.

16. What shapes an ecosystem?
Biotic factors- biological (living) influences on ecosystem
Ex. Interactions between organisms, predation, symbiosis, etc.
Abiotic factors- nonliving influences on ecosystems
Ex. Temperature, precipitation, nutrient availability, soil type, sunlight.

17. Abiotic Factors Nonliving parts of an ecosystem
Includes- water, sunlight, oxygen, temperature, and soil

18. Biotic Factors Living parts of an ecosystem
Includes- grass, trees, people, animals, insects

19. Make a list of 5 biotic factors that can affect the environment
Now You do:
Make a list of 5 biotic factors that can affect the environment
Make a list of 5 abiotic factors that can affect the environment.

20. Habitat vs. Niche Habitat- an area where an organism lives
Niche- an organism’s way of life or its role in its environment including where in the food chain it is for example herbivores.
Habitat is like an address in an ecosystem and a niche is like an occupation in an ecosystem.

21. Energy Flow (Trophic Levels)
Producers (autotrophs)- make their own food.
Get energy from the sun-by photosynthesis
Get energy without light- by chemosynthesis (chemicals)
Consumers (heterotrophs)- get energy from consuming producers and other organisms.

22. KEY POINT: Types of HETEROTROPHS (foldable)
Herbivores- eats only plants
Carnivores- eats animals
Omnivores- eat both plants and animals
Detritivores (scavengers)- eat dead matter (plants and animals)
Decomposers- break down wastes and dead organisms and return nutrients to the soil/environment

23. Feeding Relationships
Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from:
1. the sun or inorganic compounds
2. To autotrophs (producers)
3. To heterotrophs (consumers)
Decomposers get energy from decomposing dead organisms

24. Food Chain- a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten.
Food Web- A network of feeding relationships.
(More realistic than a food chain)

25. Trophic levels
Each step in a food chain or a food web is called a trophic level.
Producers are the first trophic level
Consumers are the second, third, or higher trophic level
Each trophic level depends on the one below for energy.

26. Energy Pyramid
Only part of the energy stored in one level can be passed to the next- most energy is consumed for life processes (respiration, movement, etc., and heat is given off)
Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms in the next trophic level—the rest is given off as heat.
**Meaning that 90% is LOST as energy moves to the next trophic level.

27. Pyramid of Biomass
Biomass- the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.
A biomass pyramid represents the amount of potential food available for each trophic level in an ecosystem.

28. Pyramid of Numbers
A pyramid of numbers shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level.

30. Community Interactions
when organisms live together in an ecological community they interact constantly.
Three types of interactions
Competition
Predation
Symbiosis

31. Competition- competing for resources
occurs due to a limited number of resources
Resource- any necessity of life. water, nutrients, mates, space, shelter & food.
Competitive exclusion principle- no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

32. Predation
Predation- when an organism captures and feeds on another organism.
Predator- hunter
Prey- hunted

33. Symbiosis
Symbiosis- any relationship where two species live closely together.
(3 types)
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

34. Symbiosis Mutualism- both species benefit from a relationship. (+, +)
Examples:
Lichens (fungus and Algae)
Clownfish and Sea Anemone

35. Symbiosis
Commensalism – One member of a symbiotic relationship benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed (+,0)
Ex. Shark and Remora fish

36. Symbiosis
Parasitism- One creature benefits and one creature is harmed (+,-)
- Parasite harms the host
Ex.
tapeworm-Feeds in a humans intestines absorbing his/her nutrients.
Flea and dog

37. Ticket out the door
1. List in order the levels of organization starting with cells and ending with biosphere.
2. Compare the 3 types of symbiotic relationships and provide an example for each:
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism