1. Punctuation, Spelling, and Capitalization (G#11 & #12) and Revising Comparison-Contrast Essay (Group Discussions)
You need a printout of your first draft of the COMPARISON-CONTRAST essay for class today! If you don’t have one, run to YBOR 303b to print!

2. PUNCTUATION (LBCH pp. 279-318)
Punctuation, Spelling, and Capitalization (G#11 & #12) and Revising Comparison-Contrast Essay (Group Discussions)
PUNCTUATION (LBCH pp )

3. Punctuation, Spelling, and Capitalization (G#11 & #12) and Revising Comparison-Contrast Essay (Group Discussions)
COMMA , (pp )
To join two independent clauses before a FANBOYS (coordinating conjunction) I was late, so I missed the quiz.
To set off introductory elements (including a dependent clause, transitional expression, or modifying phrase before a main clause) When I was late, I missed the quiz. However, I was not mad. By working hard, I will still pass the class.
To set off an interrupter (like an appositive or descriptive phrase and some relative pronoun clauses—nonessential elements) My teacher, Ms. B, is mean. Sue, who is nice, sits beside me.

4. COMMA , (pp )
To set apart items in a series (list) I went to the store to buy apples, bananas, and cherries.
To set off a state or year (when a city or month and day are provided) Barack Obama has maintained a house in Chicago, Illinois, as well as the White House in Washington, D.C., for the past five years. On January 20, 2009, and again on January 21, 2013, he was sworn in as president.
To set off a direct quotation from the source clause (the “he said” part) “Let it go,” replied Idina.

5. SEMICOLON ; (pp )
To join two independent clauses where a period could go (must have a complete sentence on BOTH sides)
by itself (I am not hungry; I just ate.)
followed by a transition word and then a comma (I ate; however, I am still hungry.)
To separate items in a series if the individual items already contain commas (Obama maintains residences in Kailua, Hawaii; Chicago, Illinois; Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts; and Washing-ton, D.C.)

6. COLON : (pp )
To call attention to the words following it (must have an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE on ONE SIDE)
Introducing an explanation or example (She has one wish: to get a full night’s sleep!)
Introducing a list (They have the same thing for breakfast every morning: cereal, milk, and a banana.)
Introducing a quotation (I explained: “I was sick.”)
To follow the salutation of a business letter
To separate minutes from an hour (1:15 p.m.)
To separate the chapter from the verse in a biblical citation (John 3:16)

7. s’ APOSTROPHE ’ (pp. 304-310) c’s
To show possession/ownership (with a noun but NOT with a pronoun)
(each instructor’s office)
(all adjunct instructors’ office)
To show where letters or numbers have dropped out of a contraction (can’t, she’ll, I’d)
To make a plural of a single number or a single letter (optional) (A’s and B’s, ABCs, 3’s, 100s)
c’s
Single Subject Plural Subject s’

8. In contractions: is + not = will + not = I + will = isn’t you + have =
you + had =
we + would =
she + is =
isn’t
won’t
I’ll
you’ve
you’d
we’d
she’s

9. In contractions but NEVER in possessive pronouns:
it’s = it is its = belonging to it
Finish your essay. It’s due Monday.
The cat licked its paw.
It’s 5 o’clock somewhere!
The committee wrote its report.

10. Again, NEVER in possessive pronouns:
yours NEVER your’s
hers NEVER her’s
ours NEVER our’s
theirs NEVER their’s

11. To Show Possession the toys that belong to the one cat…
the one cat’s toys (singular subject)
the toys that belong to the one cat…
the toys that belong to the two cats…
the two cats toys (plural subject)
cats’ toys

12. I own two cars. Do NOT use an apostrophe to make a plural:

13. Do NOT use an apostrophe to make a plural EXCEPT
1.) with a SINGLE number He turned all his 8’s into snowmen. I like disco music from the 1970s. OR
2.) with a SINGLE letter She made all A’s. She put X’s on the cases of the DVDs.

14. QUOTATION MARKS “ ” (pp. 311-316)
To set off a direct quotation (someone’s EXACT words) “Let it go,” replied Idina. Her brother said that he would take care of it. (no quotation marks) BUT Use single quotation marks for a quote within a quote. “Have you written your essay on Dr. King’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech?” I asked my daughter.

15. QUOTATION MARKS “ ” (pp. 311-316)
To set off the title of a short work like a short story, a poem, a song, or an article (longer works go in italics, not quotes) “Happy” is a great song, and “The Raven” is a great poem.
To set off special or ironic words or expressions (like you might use “so-called” or “air quotes”) With all of Al’s “help,” I will never finish! The quarterback threw a “Hail Mary” to win the game.
Put periods and commas inside quotation marks. For question marks, exclamation points, and dashes, placement varies.

16. DASH — (long line) (pp. 316-317)
Punctuation, Spelling, and Capitalization (G#11 & #12) and Revising Comparison-Contrast Essay (Group Discussions)
DASH — (long line) (pp )
To DRAMATICALLY set off remarks that interrupt the flow of a sentence (The grand prize — a new BMW — will be hers if she wins the contest. She won the grand prize — a new BMW!)
Dashes can be used alone or in pairs.
Use them sparingly, only for emphasis. NEVER use more than one pair per sentence.

17. PARENTHESES ( ) (pp )
To set off extra information that interrupts the flow of a sentence (like a whisper):
Page numbers Read Chapter 1 (pages 3-7) tonight.
Dates The party was on Halloween (October 31).
Acronyms I like the National Football League (NFL).
Translations She is loco (crazy).
Only when you can remove that extra information from the sentence without losing any meaning
MUST be used in pairs

18. ELLIPSIS … (pp )
To indicate where you have omitted something from a quote A popular song describes this character: “Frosty. . . was a jolly, happy soul with. . . two eyes made out of coal.”
Use a fourth dot as a period if the ellipsis comes at the end of the sentence: Beth replied, “What’s good for the goose ” (“What’s good for the goose. . . ,” Beth replied.)

19. BRACKETS [ ] (p. 319 and 321)
To change something (usually capitaliza-tion, pronoun reference, or verb tense) in quoted matter if necessary to fit the grammar of your sentence
John F. Kennedy told Americans to “[a]sk not what [their] country can do for [them]; ask what [they] can do for [their] country.”
In 1961, John F. Kennedy “[asked] not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country.”
To clarify something Astronaut Neil Armstrong said, “That’s one small step for a man [himself], one giant leap for mankind.”

20. HYPHEN - (short line) (pp. 331-333)
Punctuation, Spelling, and Capitalization (G#11 & #12) and Revising Comparison-Contrast Essay (Group Discussions)
To join two or more words working together to communicate one concept
compound nouns (father-in-law, bride-to-be, Wi-Fi)
compound adjectives before a noun (one-way street, four-year-old girl, six-pack abs) ex.: Students range from extremely lazy and slacking to the over-the-top, school-is-everything type.
In fractions and compound numbers (three-fourths, sixty-two)
To join some prefixes to a base word (self-conscious, ex-wife, co-conspirator, all-inclusive and the suffix “-elect”)
ex.: Students range from extremely lazy and slacking to the over-the-top, school-is-everything type.

21. GRAMMAR #11: Punctuation Complete the full exercise online before our next class (50 pts). Identify the type of punctuation that should go in each blank.
Neil Armstrong was the first man to step on the moon__ Buzz Aldrin was the second. A. Comma B. Colon C. Semicolon D. None
Neil Armstrong was the first man to step on the moon__ and Buzz Aldrin was right behind him. A. Comma B. Colon C. Semicolon D. None
A three__man mission, Apollo 1 was scheduled to blast off on February 21, A. Dash B. Hyphen C. Colon D. None
A total of twelve people have walked on the moon __ all of them Americans! A. Dash B. Hyphen C. Colon D. None

22. Punctuation, Spelling, and Capitalization (G#11 & #12) and Revising Comparison-Contrast Essay (Group Discussions)
SPELLING
LBCH pp

23. Carefully proofread your writing
Carefully proofread your writing. Take advantage of spell-check and tutoring services, as well as peers though the final decision is yours.
Be suspicious. If you are not sure, do something about it!
Check a reliable dictionary every time you are unsure. M-w.com (Merriam-Webster.com) and dictionary.com are two good ones.

24. Look at the list of commonly confused words on pp. 325-326
Look at the list of commonly confused words on pp Keep a log of the ones that confuse you, and review them. Make flash cards or practice on MyWritingLab.com or other sites until you get them right all the time.
Use American spellings.
Review the common spelling rules on pp
Read a lot! Don’t write like you text!

25. CAPITALIZATION
LBCH pp

26. CAPITALIZATION
1. Capitalize the first word of every sentence. (A clause between dashes or parentheses within another sentence is not a sentence of its own.)
Good students (you know who you are) are always on time for class.
2. Capitalize the personal pronoun I.

27. with proper nouns . . .
3. Capitalize the names of specific people and places (geographical locations).
My brother Charlie, who used to live in the Middle East and write books about the Old West, now lives in Hartford, Connecticut.
4. Do NOT capitalize directions.
but
They moved north to the eastern shore of Lake Erie.

28. with proper nouns . . .
5. Capitalize names of days of the week, months, and holidays.
Valentines Day, which is always on February 14, falls on a Tuesday this year.
Do NOT capitalize seasons.
but
Next fall, before the winter storms begin, we’re heading south.

29. more on proper nouns . . .
6. Capitalize the names of historical events.
The Battle of the Bulge was an important event in World War II.
The Protestant Reformation started in the sixteenth century, following the Italian Renaissance.

30. more on proper nouns… but
7. Capitalize the names of political entities when the full, proper name is given.
Hillsborough County and the Tampa City Council have agreed to reimburse the Florida Senate.
but
Do not capitalize shortened forms of those names.
At the last council meeting, the county agreed to reimburse the state legislature.

31. more on proper nouns . . . but
8. Capitalize the names of nations, nationalities, languages, and words based on such words.
Egypt, Swedish, Asian, Hispanic, Latin, Irish stew, English muffin, Cuban sandwich, French horn
Do NOT capitalize “white” and “black.”
but
No black, Asian, or Native American woman has ever served on the U.S. Supreme Court, but a few whites and one Latina have.

32. more on proper nouns . . .
9. Capitalize the names of religions and religious terms.
God Christ Allah Buddha Communion
Christmas
Scientology
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Ramadan
Christians Judaism Jews Islam Muslims
Hinduism

33. with proper nouns . . .
10. Capitalize the names of academic courses when they are used as titles.
He took Carpentry 101 and Intermediate Algebra, but he did much better in his economics, humanities, and English literature courses.
11. Capitalize brand names.
and
Xerox, Google, Jell-O, Coke (or cola), Kleenex (or facial tissue), Band-Aid (or adhesive bandage)
EXCEPTIONS: iPod, eBay

34. Grandma and Grandpa live with Dad and Mom now.
Relationships. . .
Punctuation, Spelling, and Capitalization (G#11 & #12) and Revising Comparison-Contrast Essay (Group Discussions)
12. Capitalize nicknames and the names of family relations when they are used as substitutes for names:
I went to visit Uncle Ted and Aunt Margaret.
Grandma and Grandpa live with Dad and Mom now.
I went with my mom to visit her aunt and uncle.
but . . .
Notice the role of the modifying pronouns here.

35. Titles of people and offices . . .
13. Capitalize official titles when they come before names:
President Obama and Secretary of State Kerry discussed the turmoil in Libya since the overthrow of General el-Qaddafi.
not when they come after a name:
but
Bill Clinton, who was president from 1993 to 2001, spoke at the convention.

36. Titles of Compositions
14. In composition titles, capitalize the first, last, and all important words. Prepositions, FANBOYS, and articles are usually not capitalized.
The Last House on the Left
War and Peace
“Love Is in the Air”

37. The best advice on capitalization:
Consult a good dictionary such as one linked in the library databases or the online Merriam-Webster’s:

38. This PowerPoint presentation was adapted from an original created by
Charles Darling, PhD
Professor of English and Webmaster
Capital Community College
Hartford, Connecticut
copyright November 1999

39. GRAMMAR #12 Preview: Spelling and Capitalization (50 points)
For the first section, indicate if the sentences are correct in capitalization use.
Abraham Lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation during the civil war. A. Right B. Wrong
My brother’s favorite movie is Lord Of The Rings: The Return Of The King. A. Right B. Wrong
For the second section, choose the correct spelling of the word that goes in the blank. Complete the full exercise online before our next class.
The winter storm moved across the country, freezing everything in _________ path. A. its B. it’s C. its’ D. itz
Voters should choose the candidate whose financial plan will ____________ the city in the most positive way. A. afect B. affect C. efect D. effect

40. GROUP DISCUSSIONS (PEER REVISING) OF COMPARISON-CONTRAST ESSAY
As usual, we will break into groups of three, read each member’s essay out loud to the group, and discuss it using the handout. Pay special attention to the thesis (BOTH topics) and the organization of the body.

41. BE SURE THAT THE ESSAY is organized in one of these ways:
WHOLE-TO-WHOLE
Introduction ending w/thesis (¶ #1)
TOPIC #1 (¶ #2)
First way in which they are similar or different
Second way in which they are similar or different
Third way in which they are similar or different
TOPIC #2 (¶ #3)
Second way in which they are similar or different
Third way in which they are similar or different
Conclusion (¶ #4)
POINT-BY-POINT
Introduction ending w/thesis (¶ #1)
FIRST WAY in which they are similar or different (¶ #2)
Topic #1
Topic #2
SECOND WAY in which they are similar or different (¶ #3)
THIRD WAY in which they are similar or different (¶ #4)
Conclusion (¶ #5)

42. TONIGHT’S HOMEWORK
Considering group’s and tutor’s comments, revise comparison-contrast essay, submit second draft on Canvas, and bring TWO printouts;
complete grammar exercises #11 (spelling and capitalization) AND #12 (punctuation) on Canvas,
submit 225- to 275-word (one-paragraph) self- assessment of cause/effect essay on Canvas;
read LBCH sections 16, 18, and 20 (pp , , and ); AND
complete final-exam review handout