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The Colonies Develop, 1700–1753 The American colonies developed economically and socially during the first half of the 18th century. A colonial blacksmith (late 18th century). NEXT
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The Colonies Develop, 1700–1753 SECTION 1
New England: Commerce and Religion SECTION 2 The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities SECTION 3 The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery SECTION 4 The Backcountry NEXT
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New England: Commerce and Religion
Section 1 New England: Commerce and Religion Fishing and trade contributed to the growth and prosperity of the New England Colonies. NEXT
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New England: Commerce and Religion
1 SECTION New England: Commerce and Religion Distinct Colonial Regions Develop • Between 1700—1750, colonial population doubles, then doubles again • 3 regions: New England Colonies, Middle Colonies, Southern Colonies • Backcountry—region along Appalachian Mountains Continued . . . NEXT
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• Several factors make each colonial region distinct
1 SECTION continued Distinct Colonial Regions Develop • Several factors make each colonial region distinct • New England—cold weather, rocky soil; mostly English settlers • Middle Colonies—short winters, fertile soil; settlers from all over Europe • Southern Colonies—warm climate; good soil; use enslaved African labor • Backcountry—climate, resources vary; many Scots-Irish NEXT
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The Farms and Towns of New England
1 SECTION The Farms and Towns of New England • Subsistence farming—produce enough for themselves, little extra to trade • Short growing season causes New Englanders to do subsistence farming Image • Farmers live near town because plots of land sold to Puritan congregation • Congregation settles the town, divides land to members of church • In towns, farmhouses center around green—central square NEXT
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1 SECTION Harvesting the Sea • Fishing provides great economic opportunity in New England • New England’s forest provides wood for ships • New England’s fish, timber become valuable trading articles • Coastal cities like Boston, Salem, New Haven, Newport grow rich NEXT
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Atlantic Trade 1 • New England has three types of trade:
SECTION Atlantic Trade • New England has three types of trade: - with other colonies - direct exchange of goods with Europe - triangular trade • Triangular trade has three stops: - in Africa, trade goods for slaves - in West Indies, trade slaves for sugar, molasses - take sugar, molasses back to New England Map Continued . . . NEXT
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- use English ships or ships made in English colonies
1 SECTION continued Atlantic Trade • England passes Navigation Acts to get money from colonial trade (1651): - use English ships or ships made in English colonies - sell products only to England and its colonies - European imports to colonies must pass through English ports - English officials tax colonial goods not shipped to England Continued . . . NEXT
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• Many colonial merchants ignore Navigational Acts
1 SECTION continued Atlantic Trade • Many colonial merchants ignore Navigational Acts • Importing or exporting goods illegally—smuggling—is common NEXT
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African Americans in New England
1 SECTION African Americans in New England • Few slaves in New England; slavery not economical in region • Some people in town have slaves: house servants, cooks, gardeners • Some slaves hired out to work; they can keep portion of wages • Some enslaved persons save enough to buy freedom NEXT
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Changes in Puritan Society
1 SECTION Changes in Puritan Society • In early 1700s, gradual decline of Puritan religion: - drive for economic success competes with Puritan ideas - increasing competition from other religious groups - legislation weakens Puritan community NEXT
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The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities
Section 2 The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities The people who settled in the Middle Colonies made a society of great diversity. NEXT
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The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities
2 SECTION The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities A Wealth of Resources • Immigrants from all over Europe come to Middle Colonies • Dutch and German farmers bring advanced agricultural methods • Long growing season, rich soil; grow cash crops—crops sold for money NEXT
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The Importance of Mills
2 SECTION The Importance of Mills • Take corn, wheat, rye to gristmill—crush grain to make flour, meal Image • Use product to bake bread; gives colonists a lot of grain in their diet NEXT
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The Cities Prosper 2 • Excellent harbors along coast ideal for cities
SECTION The Cities Prosper • Excellent harbors along coast ideal for cities • Merchants in cities export cash crops, import manufactured goods • In Philadelphia trade thrives; wealth brings public improvement • Trade also causes rapid growth in New York City NEXT
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2 SECTION A Diverse Region • Middle Colonies have remarkable diversity, or variety, of people • Diversity causes tolerance among people • Many Germans arrive (1710—1740); good farmers, craftspeople • German artisans, or craftspeople, are ironworkers; make glass, furniture • Build Conestoga wagons—good for rough terrain; use to settle West Image NEXT
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2 SECTION A Climate of Tolerance • Dutch and Quakers practice religious tolerance • Quakers believe men and women are equal, have women preachers Image • Quakers protest slavery NEXT
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African Americans in the Middle Colonies
2 SECTION African Americans in the Middle Colonies • 7 percent of Middle Colonies’ population are enslaved • In New York City, enslaved Africans do manual labor, assist artisans • City’s free African-Americans work as laborers, servants, sailors • Tensions lead to violence; in 1712, 24 slaves rebel; punished horribly NEXT
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The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery
Section 3 The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery The economy of the Southern Colonies relied heavily on slave labor. NEXT
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The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery
3 SECTION The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery The Plantation Economy • Soil, climate ideal for plantation crops; need a lot of workers to grow • Plantations self-sufficient; large cities rare in Southern Colonies • Growing plantation economy causes planters to use enslaved African labor NEXT
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3 SECTION The Turn to Slavery • In mid-1600s, Africans and European indentured servants work fields • Indentured servants leave plantations and buy their own farms • Try to force Native Americans to work; they die of disease or run away • Planters use more enslaved African laborers Chart • By 1750, 235,000 enslaved Africans in America; 85 percent live in South Chart NEXT
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3 SECTION Plantations Expand • Slavery grows, allows plantation farming to expand • Enslaved workers do back-breaking labor; make rice plantations possible • Eliza Lucas introduces indigo as a plantation crop • On high ground, planters grow indigo—plant that yields a blue dye NEXT
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3 SECTION The Planter Class • Enslaved labor makes planters richer; planters form elite class • Small farmers cannot compete, move west • Planter class controls much land; gains economic, political power • Some planters are concerned about their enslaved workers’ welfare • Many planters are tyrants, abuse their enslaved workers NEXT
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3 SECTION Life Under Slavery • Planters hire overseers to watch over and direct work of slaves Image • Enslaved workers do exhausting work 15 hours a day in peak harvest • Enslaved people live in small cabins, given meager food • Africans preserve customs and beliefs from their homeland NEXT
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3 SECTION Resistance to Slavery • Africans fight against enslavement; purposely work slowly, damage goods • Stono Rebellion (1739): - 20 slaves kill several planter families - join other slaves, seek freedom in Spanish- held Florida - white militia captures rebellious slaves, executes them Continued . . . NEXT
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• Slaves now forbidden from leaving plantations without permission
3 SECTION continued Resistance to Slavery • Stono and other rebellions lead planters to make slave codes stricter • Slaves now forbidden from leaving plantations without permission • Illegal for slaves to meet with free blacks NEXT
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The Backcountry Section 4
Settlers moved to the Backcountry because land was cheap and plentiful. NEXT
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The Backcountry Geography of the Backcountry 4
SECTION The Backcountry Geography of the Backcountry • Appalachian Mountains—eastern Canada south to Alabama • Backcountry in or near Appalachian Mountains • Begins at fall line—where waterfalls block movement farther upriver • Beyond fall line is piedmont—plateau leads to Appalachian range • Backcountry’s resources make farming possible NEXT
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Backcountry Settlers 4 • First Europeans trade with Native Americans
SECTION Backcountry Settlers • First Europeans trade with Native Americans • Then farmers follow, often clash with Native Americans • Farmers live in log cabins made of logs with mud, moss filling Image • Many farmers go to Backcountry to escape plantation system NEXT
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4 SECTION The Scots-Irish • Scots-Irish come from the border area between Scotland and England • To escape hardships, Scots-Irish head to Backcountry • Form clans—large groups of families with a common ancestor • Clan members suspicious of outsiders, band together against danger NEXT
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4 SECTION Backcountry Life • Backcountry farmers are isolated, depend on themselves • Hunt, fish, grow corn to feed families, livestock • Women work in cabins, fields; learn to use guns and axes NEXT
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Other Peoples in North America
4 SECTION Other Peoples in North America • Native Americans live in Americas for thousands of years • France and Spain claim a lot of territory in North America • Spanish colonists bring horses to Americas; Native Americans start riding Image • Backcountry settlers often fight with Native Americans • French traders afraid English settlers will move west, take away trade • In 1718 Spaniards build fort to guard mission (later renamed the Alamo) NEXT
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