1. NEXT Section 1 New England: Commerce and Religion Fishing and trade contributed to the growth and prosperity of the New England Colonies.

2. Distinct Colonial Regions Develop Between 1700—1750, colonial population doubles, then doubles again 1 SECTION 3 regions: New England Colonies, Middle Colonies, Southern Colonies New England: Commerce and Religion Backcountry—region along Appalachian Mountains Continued... NEXT

3. continued Distinct Colonial Regions Develop NEXT 1 SECTION Several factors make each colonial region distinct Southern Colonies—warm climate; good soil; use enslaved African labor Middle Colonies—short winters, fertile soil; settlers from all over Europe New England—cold weather, rocky soil; mostly English settlers Backcountry—climate, resources vary; many Scots-Irish

4. The Farms and Towns of New England NEXT 1 SECTION Subsistence farming—produce enough for themselves, little extra to trade Congregation settles the town, divides land to members of church Farmers live near town because plots of land sold to Puritan congregation Short growing season causes New Englanders to do subsistence farming In towns, farmhouses center around green— central square A farmer and his family harvesting in 18th-century colonial America

5. Harvesting the Sea NEXT 1 SECTION Fishing provides great economic opportunity in New England Coastal cities like Boston, Salem, New Haven, Newport grow rich New England’s fish, timber become valuable trading articles New England’s forest provides wood for ships

6. Atlantic Trade 1 SECTION New England has three types of trade: -with other colonies -direct exchange of goods with Europe -triangular trade Triangular trade has three stops: -in Africa, trade goods for slaves -in West Indies, trade slaves for sugar, molasses -take sugar, molasses back to New England Continued... NEXT

7. continued Atlantic Trade 1 SECTION England passes Navigation Acts to get money from colonial trade (1651): -use English ships or ships made in English colonies -sell products only to England and its colonies -European imports to colonies must pass through English ports -English officials tax colonial goods not shipped to England Continued... NEXT

8. 1 SECTION Many colonial merchants ignore Navigational Acts Importing or exporting goods illegally— smuggling—is common NEXT continued Atlantic Trade

9. African Americans in New England NEXT 1 SECTION Few slaves in New England; slavery not economical in region Some enslaved persons save enough to buy freedom Some slaves hired out to work; they can keep portion of wages Some people in town have slaves: house servants, cooks, gardeners

10. Changes in Puritan Society NEXT 1 SECTION In early 1700s, gradual decline of Puritan religion: -drive for economic success competes with Puritan ideas -increasing competition from other religious groups -legislation weakens Puritan community

11. NEXT Section 2 The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities The people who settled in the Middle Colonies made a society of great diversity.

12. A Wealth of Resources NEXT Immigrants from all over Europe come to Middle Colonies 2 SECTION Dutch and German farmers bring advanced agricultural methods The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities Long growing season, rich soil; grow cash crops—crops sold for money

13. The Importance of Mills NEXT 2 SECTION Take corn, wheat, rye to gristmill—crush grain to make flour, meal Use product to bake bread; gives colonists a lot of grain in their diet Gristmill and pond near Guilford, Vermont.

14. The Cities Prosper NEXT 2 SECTION Excellent harbors along coast ideal for cities Trade also causes rapid growth in New York City In Philadelphia trade thrives; wealth brings public improvement Merchants in cities export cash crops, import manufactured goods

15. NEXT 2 SECTION Middle Colonies have remarkable diversity, or variety, of people Diversity causes tolerance among people Many Germans arrive (1710—1740); good farmers, craftspeople A Diverse Region German artisans, or craftspeople, are ironworkers; make glass, furniture Build Conestoga wagons—good for rough terrain; use to settle West Covered wagon at Whitman Mission, National Historic Site, Walla Walla, Washington.

16. A Climate of Tolerance NEXT 2 SECTION Dutch and Quakers practice religious tolerance Quakers protest slavery Quakers believe men and women are equal, have women preachers A woman speaks at a Quaker meeting.

17. African Americans in the Middle Colonies NEXT 2 SECTION 7 percent of Middle Colonies’ population are enslaved In New York City, enslaved Africans do manual labor, assist artisans City’s free African-Americans work as laborers, servants, sailors Tensions lead to violence; in 1712, 24 slaves rebel; punished horribly

18. NEXT The economy of the Southern Colonies relied heavily on slave labor. Section 3 The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery

19. The Plantation Economy NEXT Soil, climate ideal for plantation crops; need a lot of workers to grow 3 SECTION Plantations self-sufficient; large cities rare in Southern Colonies The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery Growing plantation economy causes planters to use enslaved African labor

20. The Turn to Slavery NEXT 3 SECTION In mid-1600s, Africans and European indentured servants work fields Planters use more enslaved African laborers Try to force Native Americans to work; they die of disease or run away Indentured servants leave plantations and buy their own farms By 1750, 235,000 enslaved Africans in America; 85 percent live in South

21. Plantations Expand NEXT 3 SECTION Slavery grows, allows plantation farming to expand Eliza Lucas introduces indigo as a plantation crop Enslaved workers do back-breaking labor; make rice plantations possible On high ground, planters grow indigo—plant that yields a blue dye

22. The Planter Class NEXT 3 SECTION Enslaved labor makes planters richer; planters form elite class Planter class controls much land; gains economic, political power Small farmers cannot compete, move west Some planters are concerned about their enslaved workers’ welfare Many planters are tyrants, abuse their enslaved workers

23. Life Under Slavery NEXT 3 SECTION Planters hire overseers to watch over and direct work of slaves Enslaved people live in small cabins, given meager food Enslaved workers do exhausting work 15 hours a day in peak harvest Africans preserve customs and beliefs from their homeland An overseer and two slaves, working on a Virginia plantation. Watercolor (18th century), Benjamin Latrobe.

24. 3 SECTION Africans fight against enslavement; purposely work slowly, damage goods Stono Rebellion (1739): -20 slaves kill several planter families -join other slaves, seek freedom in Spanish- held Florida -white militia captures rebellious slaves, executes them Resistance to Slavery Continued... NEXT

25. 3 SECTION Stono and other rebellions lead planters to make slave codes stricter Illegal for slaves to meet with free blacks Slaves now forbidden from leaving plantations without permission continued Resistance to Slavery

26. NEXT Section 4 The Backcountry Settlers moved to the Backcountry because land was cheap and plentiful.

27. Geography of the Backcountry NEXT Appalachian Mountains—eastern Canada south to Alabama 4 SECTION Backcountry in or near Appalachian Mountains Begins at fall line—where waterfalls block movement farther upriver The Backcountry Beyond fall line is piedmont—plateau leads to Appalachian range Backcountry’s resources make farming possible

28. Backcountry Settlers NEXT 4 SECTION First Europeans trade with Native Americans Farmers live in log cabins made of logs with mud, moss filling Then farmers follow, often clash with Native Americans Many farmers go to Backcountry to escape plantation system Log-cabin replica in West Virginia of birthplace of Nancy Hanks, mother of Abraham Lincoln.

29. The Scots-Irish NEXT 4 SECTION Scots-Irish come from the border area between Scotland and England Form clans—large groups of families with a common ancestor To escape hardships, Scots-Irish head to Backcountry Clan members suspicious of outsiders, band together against danger

30. Backcountry Life NEXT 4 SECTION Backcountry farmers are isolated, depend on themselves Women work in cabins, fields; learn to use guns and axes Hunt, fish, grow corn to feed families, livestock

31. Other Peoples in North America NEXT 4 SECTION Native Americans live in Americas for thousands of years Spanish colonists bring horses to Americas; Native Americans start riding France and Spain claim a lot of territory in North America Backcountry settlers often fight with Native Americans French traders afraid English settlers will move west, take away trade In 1718 Spaniards build fort to guard mission (later renamed the Alamo) Native American on horseback hunting buffalo. Drawing (about 19th century), Sam Kills Two