1. Body Structure
Chapter 2 1

2. Organizational Levels
Cellular level
Smallest structural and functional unit of the body.
Tissue level
Organ level
System level
Organism level
Structural organization of the human body. Cellular level to organism level — a living human being. 2

3. Directional Terms
Terms that locate position of structures, surfaces, and regions of the body
Anterior/Posterior
Inferior/Superior
Proximal/Distal
Cephalad/Caudad
Ventral/Dorsal
Lateral/Medial
Pedagogical Note: Although this illustrations shows body planes, it is useful to discuss directional terms as well as anatomical position.
Body planes and directional terms. Note the body is in anatomical position. 3

5. Three major planes of reference
Body Planes
Three major planes of reference
Median (midsagittal)
Frontal (coronal)
Horizontal (transverse)
Pedagogical Note: This illustration can be used to discuss anatomical position and body planes in relationship to imaging procedures. It also reinforces directional terms and anatomical position. 5

6. Body Cavities Protect, separate, and support internal organs
Dorsal (posterior)
Cranial
Spinal
Ventral (anterior)
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Body cavities 6

7. Quadrants locate specific sites of abdominal organs.
Four Quadrants
Quadrants locate specific sites of abdominal organs.
RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ
Pedagogical Note: This illustration can be used to discuss the location of various organs in each of the quadrants and discuss how they are used in the clinical setting. Also, you can cover the illustrations and have students define the abbreviations.
Quadrants of the abdominopelvic region 7

8. Upper Quadrants Right Upper Q. Gallbaldder Liver Right lobe Parts of
Pancreas
Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Left Upper Q.
Stomach
Liver
Left lobe
Parts of
Pancreas
Small Intestines
Large Intestines

9. Lower Quadrants Right Lower Q. R ovary R fallopian tube Appendix
R ureter
Parts of
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Left Lower Q.
L ovary
L fallopian tube
L ureter
Parts of
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

10. Nine Regions Used to locate organs, origin of pain, and pathologies.
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right inguinal
Hypogastric
Left inguinal
Abdominal pelvic regions. Used clinically to cite or locate organs or abnormalities within the regions. 10

11. Body Structure Exercise
Identify the following directional terms:
side, to one side: / .
back (of body): / .
belly, belly side: / .
lying horizontally on the back, face up: . 11

12. Body Structure Exercise
Identify the following directional terms:
side, to one side: later/al
back (of body): dors/al or poster/ior
belly, belly side: ventr/al
lying horizontally on the back, face up: supine 12

13. Body Structure Exercise
Define the following abbreviations:
RUQ:
LUQ:
RLQ:
LLQ:
Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 13

14. Body Structure Exercise
Define the following abbreviations:
RUQ: right upper quadrant
LUQ: left upper quadrant
RLQ: right lower quadrant
LLQ: left lower quadrant
Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 14

15. Define Combining Forms – structural units
1. chondr/o: ______________________
2. cyt/o: ______________________
3. hist/o: ______________________
4. nucle/o: ______________________ 15

16. Combining Forms – structural units
1. chondr/o: cartilage 2. cyt/o: cell 3. hist/o: tissue 4. nucle/o: nucleus
Structural organization of the human body. Cellular level to organism level—a living human being. 16

17. Define Combining Forms - directional
5. super/o: ___________________ 6. infer/o: ___________________
7. later/o: ___________________
8. anter/o: ___________________ 17

18. Combining Forms - directional
5. super/o: upper, above 6. infer/o: lower, below
7. later/o: side, to one side
8. anter/o: anterior, front
Body planes directional terms with body in anatomical position. 18

19. Define Combining Forms - Directional
9. poster/o: ___________________ 10. medi/o: ___________________ 11. ventr/o: ____________________ 12. caud/o: ___________________ 19

20. Combining Forms - Directional
9. poster/o: back (of body), behind, posterior
10. medi/o: middle
11. ventr/o: belly, belly side
12. caud/o: tail
Body planes directional terms with body in anatomical position. 20

21. Combining Forms – Body Regions
13. cephal/o: ___________________ 14. cervic/o: ___________________ 15. gastr/o: ___________________ 16. thorac/o: ___________________ 21

22. Combining Forms – Body Regions
13. cephal/o: head 14. cervic/o: neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus) 15. gastr/o: stomach 16. thorac/o: chest 22

23. around the umbilicus (navel): _______________
Identify Body Regions
around the umbilicus (navel): _______________
above the stomach: _______________________
beneath the umbilicus: _____________________
on left lower side near the groin (ileus):
________________________________
on right middle side near the waist:
_________________________________________________________ 23

24. around the umbilicus (navel): umbilic/al
Identify Body Regions
around the umbilicus (navel): umbilic/al
above the stomach: epigastr/ic
beneath the umbilicus: hypo/gastr/ic
left lower side near the groin (ileus): left inguin/al
right middle side near the waist: right lumb/ar 24

25. instrument to measure cells: _____________________
Build Medical Words
instrument to measure cells: _____________________
toward the middle: _____________________________
separation, destruction,
or loosening of tissue: __________________________
pertaining to the chest: _________________________ 25

26. 24. separation, destruction, or loosening of tissue: hist/o/lysis
Build Medical Words
22. instrument to measure cells: cyt/o/meter 23. toward the middle: medi/ad
24. separation, destruction, or loosening of
tissue: hist/o/lysis
25. pertaining to the chest: thorac/ic 26

27. pertaining to the neck: pertaining to the area around the umbilicus:
Build Medical Words
pertaining to the neck:
pertaining to the area around the umbilicus:
instrument to measure the cranium (skull):
tumor composed of cartilage:
inflammation of the stomach: 27

28. Build Medical Words
pertaining to the neck: cervic/al pertaining to the area around the umbilicus: peri/umbilic/al instrument to measure the cranium (skull): crani/o/meter tumor composed of cartilage: chondr/oma inflammation of the stomach: gastr/itis 28

29. Vocabulary
adhesion:
anastomosis:
cauterize: 29

30. 2 BODY STRUCTURE Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
adhesion: band of scar tissue binding anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other
anastomosis: connection between two vessels; surgical joining of two ducts or vessels to allow flow from one to the other
cauterize: process of burning abnormal tissue with electricity, freezing, heat, or chemicals (silver nitrate) 30

31. Vocabulary
4. inflammation:
5. sepsis:
6. ultrasonography: 31

32. 2 BODY STRUCTURE Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
4. inflammation: protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy 5. sepsis: body’s inflammatory response to infection, in which there is fever, elevated heart and respiratory rate, and low blood pressure 6. ultrasonography: imaging technique that uses high- frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue 32

33. Diagnostic Procedures
Endoscopy:
Visual examination of an organ or cavity with an endoscope.
Instrument and procedure name from organ or cavity examined.
Used for biopsy, coagulation, and fluid aspiration.
Gastroscopy. Visual examination of stomach with a fiber-optic scope passed through the mouth to the stomach and upper digestive tract. 33

34. Diagnostic Procedures
Radiograph (x-ray):
Ionizing radiation waves (x-rays) pass through the body onto a photographic film to produce an image of internal structures.
Radiopaque dye may be required for radiographs of soft tissue.
Chest x-ray of mediastinum indicating enlargement in suspected lymphoma. 34

35. Diagnostic Procedures
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
Radiographic procedure that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross- sectional images of the body.
Exceptional detail of soft tissues.
MRI scan of midsagittal section of head, showing extreme clarity of soft tissue. 35

36. Diagnostic Procedures
Ultrasound (US):
Ultra-high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image of a body structure on a computer screen.
Basic components of a US device 36

37. Diagnostic Procedures
Ultrasound (US):
Handheld US transducer emits sound waves as it is moved back and forth over the organ or structure examined.
Optimized sound transmission from using gel placed on the skin.
Possible to place US probes inside a body cavity.
Ultrasound of urinary bladder to determine volume of urine contained in the bladder. 37

38. Diagnostic Procedures
Positron emission tomography (PET):
Radioactive chemical (tracer) is introduced into the body.
Tracer accumulates in the most rapidly metabolizing tissues.
PET scan of brain in transverse section (frontal lobes top). 38

39. Diagnostic Procedures – PET Scan
Positively charged particles (positrons) emitted in a body region and detected by a device called a gamma camera to produce an image
Identification of areas of higher and decreased metabolic activity
Areas of increased metabolism possibly indicating a tumor
Areas of decreased metabolism possibly indicating Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, or epilepsy 39

40. Build Medical Words
1. visual examination within (an organ): /scopy 2. process of recording (images using frequencies) beyond sound: ultra/ /o/graphy 3. instrument for examining the stomach: gastr/ /scope 40

41. 2 BODY STRUCTURE Build Medical Words
1. visual examination within (an organ): endo/scopy 2. process of recording (images using frequencies) beyond sound: ultra/son/o/graphy 3. instrument for examining the stomach: gastr/o/scope 41

42. 4. instrument to examine within (the body): endo/
Build Medical Words
4. instrument to examine within (the body): endo/
5. process of recording cuts (slices of organs or tissues): tom/o/
6. specialist in the study of cells: / /logist 42

43. 4. instrument to examine within (the body): endo/scope
Build Medical Words
4. instrument to examine within (the body): endo/scope
5. process of recording cuts (slices of organs or tissues): tom/o/graphy
6. specialist in the study of cells: cyt/o/logist 43

44. Build Medical Words
7. study of blood: hemat/o/ 8. instrument for measuring heat: ___/o/____ 9. specialist in the study of x-rays: radi/o/____ 10. study of stomach disorders: /o/_____ 44

45. Build Medical Words
7. study of blood: hemat/o/logy 8. instrument for measuring heat: therm/o/meter 9. specialist in the study of x-rays: radi/o/logist 10. study of stomach disorders: gastr/o/logy 45

46. Medical and Surgical Procedures
Anastomosis:
Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow the flow from one to the other.
Anastomosis 46

47. Medical and Surgical Procedures
Cauterize:
Process of burning abnormal tissue with electricity, freezing, heat, or chemicals (silver nitrate).
Usually performed to destroy damaged or diseased tissues or coagulate blood vessels.

48. Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. R is scheduled to have wart removal on his elbow. The doctor explains that he will numb the elbow and then freeze the warts, which will then scab and fall off. The doctor records the procedure in the medical record as (cauterizing, dissecting, suturing). 2. Mr. R’s saphenous vein is excised and used to bypass an occlusion in one of his heart vessels. Surgery that joins two vessels to allow the free flow of blood between them is called ______________.
Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources for illustrations and information are available on various Web sites. 48

49. 2 BODY STRUCTURE Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. R is scheduled to have wart removal on his elbow. The doctor explains that he will numb the elbow and then freeze the warts which will then scab and fall off. The doctor records the procedure in the medical record as (cauterizing, dissecting, suturing). 2. Mr. R’s saphenous vein is excised and used to bypass an occlusion in one of his heart vessels. Surgery that joins two vessels to allow the free flow of blood between them is called an anastomosis..
Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources for illustrations and information are available on various Web sites. 49