1. What is Psychology?

2. Definitions?

3. Definitions?
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour

4. Psychological Concepts
Memory and recall
Learning
Perception
Thinking and cognition
Creativity
Attitudes and behaviour
Individual differences and personality
Intelligences

5. Schools of Thought… Psychodynamics Nativism (Rationalist/Biological)
Behaviourism (S-R)
Cognitive Psychology
Humanistic Psychology
Constructivist theories
Social Psychology

6. A Brief History of Psychology
Sigmund Freud ( ): ‘I set myself the task of bringing to light what human beings keep hidden within them… the task of making conscious the most hidden recesses of the mind is one which is quite possible to achieve’.

7. A Brief History of Psychology
Ivan Pavlov( ): Studied the conditioned and unconditioned responses of animals to stimuli. Concluded that learning occurred as an association (coupling) of one event with another. Stimulus-Response.
Classical Conditioning

8. A Brief History of Psychology
B. F. Skinner ( ):
Behaviourism
A behaviour followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behaviour occurring in the future.
Operant Conditioning
Extinction of behaviour

9. A Brief History of Psychology
Carl Rogers ( ):
Humanistic approach to learning
Unconditional positive regard
Student centred learning (Client centred approach)

10. Introducing Psychology
4/26/2018
Introducing Psychology
Humanist Psychology
A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential, rather than the scientific understanding an assessment of behavior.
This approach:
Rejected behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
Emphasized creativity and achieving potential.
©1999 Prentice Hall
©1999 Prentice Hall

11. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs2 2

12. Social Motives
Motives acquired through experience and interaction with others (McClelland, Murray)
Need for achievement (n Ach)
The need to accomplish something difficult and to perform at a high standard of excellence
Need for affiliation
The need to have harmonious relationships with other people and to be accepted by others
Need for power
Personal – want to direct others
Institutional – want to organize efforts of others to meet the needs of the institution 2 2

13. Need for Achievement Characteristics of achievers High n Ach Low n Ach
pursue goals that are challenging, yet attainable through hard work, ability, determination, and persistence
see their success as a result of their own talents, abilities, persistence, and hard work
Low n Ach
not willing to take chances when it comes to testing their own skills and abilities
when fail, usually give up quickly 2 2

14. Need for Achievement Parents can foster n Ach
give children responsibilities
teach them to think and act independently from the time they are very young
stress excellence, persistence, and independence
praise them sincerely for their accomplishments 2 2

15. Academic/Research Psychologists
4/26/2018
Introducing Psychology
Academic/Research Psychologists
Research in areas of basic or applied psychology.
Examples include:
Experimental psychologists
Educational psychologists
Developmental psychologists
Industrial/Organizational psychologists
Psychometric psychologists
©1999 Prentice Hall
©1999 Prentice Hall

16. Introducing Psychology
4/26/2018
Introducing Psychology
What Psychologists Do
Academic/research psychologists
Psychological practitioners
Psychologists in other settings
©1999 Prentice Hall
©1999 Prentice Hall

17. What Areas do Psychology Undergraduates Pursue?
4/26/2018
Introducing Psychology
What Areas do Psychology Undergraduates Pursue?
Psychology
Other
Counseling
Education
Social work
Medicine
Law
Health Sciences
Business
Sociology
©1999 Prentice Hall
©1999 Prentice Hall

18. Psychologists in Other Settings
4/26/2018
Introducing Psychology
Psychologists in Other Settings
Sports
Consumer Issues
Advertising
Organizational Problems
Environmental Issues
Public policy
Opinion polls
Military training
Animal behavior
Legal Issues
©1999 Prentice Hall
©1999 Prentice Hall

19. Clinical Psychologists are not:
4/26/2018
Introducing Psychology
Clinical Psychologists are not:
Psychotherapists
Psychoanalysts
Psychiatrists
©1999 Prentice Hall
©1999 Prentice Hall

20. Psychological Practitioners
4/26/2018
Introducing Psychology
Psychological Practitioners
Counseling psychologists help people deal with problems associated with everyday life.
School psychologists work with parents, teachers and students to enhance student performance.
Clinical psychologists diagnose, treat, and study mental or emotional problems.
©1999 Prentice Hall
©1999 Prentice Hall

21. A Brief History of Psychology
Edward Tolman ( ):
Cognitive Shift Theory
Cognitive Map
Challenge to Behaviourism

22. A Brief History of Psychology
Leon Festinger ( ):
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Describes conflicting thoughts or beliefs (cognitions) that occur at the same time, or when engaged in behaviours that conflict with one's beliefs.

23. A Brief History of Psychology
Abraham Maslow ( ):
Hierarchy of Human Needs
Self Actualisation
Psychology of Being
‘Peak experiences’

24. A Brief History of Psychology
Lev Vygostsky ( ):
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Social learning
Co-operative learning

25. A Brief History of Psychology
Jean Piaget ( ):
The child as a solo scientist
Discovery learning
Assimilation and Accommodation
Schema Theory

26. A Brief History of Psychology
Jerome Bruner (1915-):
Scaffolding
The ‘spiral curriculum’
‘Cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do…’

27. A Brief History of Psychology
Howard Gardner(1943-):
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
‘An important part of that understanding is knowing who we are and what we can do... Ultimately, we must synthesize our understandings for ourselves’.