1. Logical Framework/log frame (LF) and Logical framework Approach (LFA)

2. Outline LFA: Concepts and Features Importance of LFA - Why LFA?
Steps in Preparing
Terminology Used in Log Frame Matrix
Preparation of LFA
LFA and Project Proposal
Group Exercise on LFA Matrix Preparation

3. Concept of LFA
The LFA is an analytical tool for objectives-oriented project planning and management.

4. LFA Also Widely Known As …
OOPP
Objectives Oriented Project Planning
ZOPP
Ziel Orientierte Projek Planung
GOPP
Goal Oriented Project Planning PM
Project Matrix

5. Concept of LFA
LFA is a handy summary of the key factors of the project for staffs, donors, beneficiaries and other stakeholders, which can be referred to throughout the lifecycle of the project.
Log frame can also provide a helpful guide to the information that needs to be gathered using participatory methods, and the outcomes of a variety of planning tools.

6. LFA is a Summary of
Why the project is carried out (development objective and immediate objectives)
What the project is supposed to produce (outputs)
How the project is going to achieve the outputs (activities)
How the success of the project can be measured(indicators)
Where the data can be found (means of verification)
Which external factors influence the project (assumptions)
Which inputs are required for the project (inputs/budget)

7. Why LFA? Problems are analysed systematically
The objectives are clearly formulated, logical and measurable
The risks and conditions for success of a project are taken into account
There is an objective basis for monitoring and evaluation
Your project proposal will be coherent

8. Using LFA Helps to:
bring together and present all the key components of a project in a clear, concise, coherent, and systematic way;
ensure there is no confusion between the various components of a project;
easily check the logic of a project and identify inconsistencies and omissions;
provide a consistent context for measuring achievements against indicators;

9. Using LFA… review project progress and make any adjustments; and
maintain accountability and transparency between all parties involved throughout the project life-cycle.

10. Terminologies Used in LFA
Goal/impact: the highest or ultimate objective
Purpose/outcome: immediate benefit from the project
Output: measurable outcomes to be achieved
Activities: actions required to get outputs
Input: resources to undertake activities
OVI: measures (direct/indirect) for verification
MoV: data/information necessary to verify
Assumptions/risks: factors likely to obstruct scheduled work

11. How LFA Works? National/sector area National/sector area
Goal
Purpose
Project area
Project area
Outputs
Inputs
Activities
Expected situation
Present situation

12. A Standard LFA Project Elements/ Narrative Summary
Indicators/Objectively Verifiable Indicators (OVI)
Means of Verification (MoV)
Assumptions/Risk
Goal
(1)
Indicators
(9)
MoV
(10)
Project Purpose
(2)
(11)
(12)
Assumptions
(8)
Outputs
(3)
(13)
(14)
(7)
Activities
(4)
Inputs
(5)
(6)

13. LFA Example Project Elements Indicators MoV Assump 1. Goal
Improved bus service
departure and arrival on time
market share increase
Traffic records
Road conditions are improved
2. Project Purpose
Frequency of bus accident reduced
accidents and injury reduced by X %
# of trained drivers
# of new bus equipments in w. s.
maintenance routine
3. Outputs
1. Drivers trained
2. # new bus operational
3. Maintenance workshop equipped
4. Maintenance routine established
Trained drivers remain with the bus company
5. Inputs
1. Driving instructor X months
2. Funds for buses
3. Funds for tools and spare-parts
4. Maintenance instructor Y months
Buses, its tools and spares supplied and cleared in time
4. Activities
1. Undertake training programme
2. Procure buses
3. Procure tools and spare-parts
4. Develop maintenance routines

14. Intervention Logic of Project + Assumptions
OUT
Goal/impact
Project Purpose +
Assumptions +
Outputs/results
Assumptions +
Activities
Assumptions
Pre-conditions
If the activities are carried out,
and if assumptions are valid, then ...

15. An Example of “If and Then” Logic
Goal
“to create a community of happy children and adults in a village”
If we establish a community committee (activity) and people are enthusiastic (assumption) then we’ll have the capacity to build and manage a playground (output). If we have a playground (output) and it’s easy to maintain (assumption) then children will have fun (purpose). If children are having fun (purpose) and families continue to grow in the village (assumption) then we’ll reach the goal of a happy community.

16. “If and Then” Logic … OVI MoV Assum./Risk
10% increase in the no. of Grades 5-6 primary students continuing on to high school with in 3 years
Improve reading profeciency among children in Grade 5-6 by 20% within 3 years
Improved reading proficiency provides self confidence required to stay in school
500 Grade 5-6 students with low reading proficiency complete a reading summary camp
Children apply what they learnt in the summer camp at school
Run five summer reading camps, each with capacity for 100 Grades 5-6 students
Parents of children with low proficiency are willing to send them to the camp
THEN IF
AND

17. Risks/Assumptions Is the RISK important to your project? Yes No
Risk/Assumptions
At each level, riskd have to be assessed and an assumption formulated if necessary
Example: project to develop ortho devices in BGD. Components are not available in BGD and need to be imported.
Risk: GoB is increasing taxes on imports and ortho components are not exempted.
The risk is important for this project
If this is very likely to happen, the project strategy has to be changed: some activities could include lobbying with the GoB to get tax exemption
If this is not feasible, this could be a KILLER assumption has ortho workshops will not be able to access cheap material for manufacturing the devices…
Is the RISK important to your project?
Yes No
What is its probability?
Ignore
Unlikely
Fairly Unlikely
Almost certain
Formulate an assumption
Can the project strategy be modified to eliminate the risk? No
Yes
STOP the project
Modify strategy, add activities

18. What is Risk Analysis?
Risk analysis involved ‘rating’ of assumptions based on their likelihood of holding true.
Low risk assumptions will probably hold true (little threat to project)
Medium risk assumptions may or may not hold true (some threat to project)
High risk assumptions will probably NOT hold true (high threat to project)
High risks
Moderate risks
Low risks
Activities/Inputs
Outputs
Purpose/outcomes
Goal/
impact
Assumptions

19. LFA Example Records indicating per-capita income (district profile
Project Elements/Narrative Summary
Indicators/Objectively Verifiable Indicators
Means of Verification (MoV)
Assumption/Risk
1. Goal
Improved economic status of farmers
Records indicating per-capita income (district profile
20% increase in agricultural income
-Marketing system works properly
2. Project Purpose
Irrigate land
Increase agricultural production
Field survey, observation, statistical record of District Agriculture Office
Increased farm production
-Community people use irrigation system properly
3. Outputs
Community based irrigation system constructed
Project completion report
-Community participation is obtained
Project record and field inspection
4. Activities
Field survey
Construction of … km canals
Construction of … km sub-canals
-Budget realese in time, timely availability of construction materials
5. Inputs
Budget
NPR … Lakhs
Bills and invoices

20. Activity-Planning
Logical framework
Activities
Plan of action

21. Group Exercise on LFA
Prepare a log frame of the project that you identified earlier and present in plenary.

22. Project Proposal and LF Matrix
Terminologies
Project Proposal
Logical Framework
General objective
Goal/impact
Specific objective
Purpose/outcome
Expected results
Outputs/results
Required resources/budget
Input
Proposed activity
Activity
Monitoring and evaluation
OVI/MoV
Limitations
Risk/Assumptions

23. References
IPPF, 2006, Proposal that Works. NORAD, 1999, The Logical Framework Approach. Sida [SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY], 2005, The Use and Abuse of the Logical Framework Approach. Guide to Logical Framework Approach: A Key Approach for Project Cycle Management ( x?Type=Home&Id=525) Adapted from frameworkandprojectproposal

24. Steps in Proposal Writing
Executive Summary
Introduction of the organisation (institutional profile)
Project background/statement of the problem
Justification/significance
Goal
Purpose
Expected results
Proposed activities
Implementation plan/plan of action
Budget
Monitoring and evaluation
Risk and assumptions
Sustainability
Annex(es) (log frame)