1. Erik Erikson’s psychological Theory
Human Development
Across The Lifespan
Erik Erikson’s psychological Theory
Student Names:
Ryam.M AlSubaie
Khlood AlOtaibi
Altaf Al-Dossari
Fatimah Al-Sihati

2. Outline: Erikson’s Life history.
The most important stages in a person's life.
Erikson Development stages.
Selected Quotes from Erik H. Erikson.
A summarize Video.

3. Erikson’s Life history:
Erik Homburger Erikson
15-Jun-1902
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Born
12-May-1994 (aged 91) Harwich, Massachusetts
Died
unspecified
Cause of death
Jewish  Christianity
Religion
German, American
Citizenship
Germen
Nationality
Developmental psychologist
Fields
Harvard Medical School
Institutions
Theory on social development
Known for
Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud
Influences
Erik Erikson was born in Germany in 1902 as Erik Homburger. The common story was that his biological father had left before Erik was born, and his mother married Homburger, who treated her during her pregnancy. Erikson's identity crises began at an early age, because he was part Jewish, but he was a tall, blond, blue-eyed boy , looked Nordic so he had trouble fitting in with either culture.
he worked as an artist and teacher until he met Anna Freud (an Austrian psychoanalyst), the daughter of Sigmund Freud , in the late 1920s, who encouraged him to study at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. In 1933, he moved to the United States to teach first at Harvard Medical School and then at Yale University.
During his time at Yale, Erikson became interested in "the influence of culture and society on child development." He used groups of Native American children to study and help formulate his theories that connect personality growth with parental and societal values. Erickson became the first child psychoanalyst in Boston.

4. Author of books:
- Childhood and Society (1950, psychology) - Young Man Luther (1958, psychology) - Insight and Responsibility (1964, psychology) - Identity: Youth and Crisis (1968, psychology) - Gandhi's Truth (1969, psychology) - Dimensions of a New Identity (1974, psychology) - Life History and the Historical Moment (1975, psychology) - The Life Cycle Completed (1987, psychology, with J.M. Erikson)

5. What are the most important stages in a person's life?
Using Erik Erikson stages of development as a model for the stages of thinking and learning for children.
Also notice in each stage there are opportunities for positive ego development as well as deficits in one's character, not only before a child reaches his 20's, but throughout life.
The Erikson stages of development are combined with another approach to development in affirmations your children need.

6. Psychosocial Stage one:
Infancy: Birth to 18 Months.
Ego Development Outcome: Trust vs. Mistrust.
Basic strength: Drive and Hope.
Erikson in this stage referred to infancy as the Oral Sensory Stage
(as anyone might who watches a babies putting everything in their mouth) where the major emphasis is on the mother's positive and loving care for the child, with a big emphasis on visual contact and touch.
If we pass successfully through this period of life, we will learn to trust that life is basically okay and have basic confidence in the future.
If we fail to experience trust and are constantly frustrated because our needs are not met, we may end up with a deep feeling of a mistrust of the world in general.

7. Cont.
If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world.
Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent

8. Psychosocial Stage two:
Early Childhood: 18 Months to 3 Years.
Ego Development Outcome: Autonomy vs. Shame.
Basic Strengths: Self-control, Courage, and Will.
During this stage we learn to master the skills for ourselves. we learn not only to walk, talk and feed ourselves, we are learning finer motor development as well as the practice how to using toilet . Here we have the opportunity to build self-esteem and autonomy as we gain more control over our bodies and learning right from wrong.
one of our skills during the "Terrible Two's" is our ability to use the powerful word "NO!", it develops important skills of the will.
also during this stage, however, that we can be very poor . If we're shamed in the process of toilet training or in learning other important skills, we may feel great shame and doubt of our capabilities and suffer low self-esteem.

9. Psychosocial Stage three:
Play Age: 3 to 5 Years. Ego
Development Outcome: Initiative vs. Guilt.
Basic Strength: Purpose.
During this period we experience a desire to copy the adults around us and take initiative in creating play situations.
This stage occurs during the preschool years, between the ages of three and five. During the initiative versus guilt stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.
it is important for caregivers to encourage exploration and to help children make appropriate choices. Caregivers who are discouraging or dismissive may cause children to feel ashamed of themselves and to become overly dependent upon the help of others.

10. Psychosocial Stage four:
School Age: 6 to 12 Years.
Ego Development Outcome: Industry vs. Inferiority.
Basic Strengths: Method and Competence.
During this stage, often called the Latency, we are capable of learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge, thus developing a sense of industry. This is also a very social stage of development and if we experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among our peers, we can have serious problems in terms of competence and self-esteem.
Erikson viewed the elementary school years as critical for the development of self-confidence. Ideally, elementary school provides many opportunities for children to achieve the recognition of teachers, parents and peers by producing things- drawing pictures, solving addition problems, writing sentences

11. Psychosocial Stage fife:
Adolescence: 12 to 18 Years.
Ego Development Outcome: Identity vs. Role Confusion.
Basic Strengths: Devotion and Fidelity.
This stage occurs during adolescence between the ages of approximately 12 to 18. Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. During adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self.
Erikson proposed, most adolescents achieve a sense of identity regarding who they are and where their lives are headed. Erikson is credited with coining the term "Identity Crisis."[8] Each stage that came before and that follows has its own 'crisis', but even more so now, for this marks the transition from childhood to adulthood.
teens may begin to feel confused or insecure about themselves and how they fit in to society. According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life.

12. Psychosocial Stage six:
Young Adulthood: 18 to 35.
Ego Development Outcome: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation.
Basic Strengths: Affiliation and Love.
In the initial stage of being an adult we seek one or more companions and love. As we try to find mutually satisfying relationships, primarily through marriage and friends, we generally also begin to start a family!
Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression.
• If we're not successful, isolation and distance from others may occur.
• Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of love.

13. Psychosocial Stage seven:
Middle Adulthood: 35 to 55 or 65.
Ego Development Outcome: Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation.
Basic Strengths: Production and Care.
Erikson observed that middle age is when we tend to be occupied with creative and meaningful work we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. Also, middle adulthood is when we can expect to "be in charge," the role we've longer envied.
• By failing to achieve these objectives, we become stagnant and feel unproductive.
• Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of care.

14. Psychosocial Stage eight:
Late Adulthood: 55 or 65 to Death
Ego Development Outcome: Integrity vs. Despair
Basic Strengths: Wisdom.
As we grow older and become senior citizens, we tend to slow down our productivity, and explore life as a retired person.
Erikson felt that much of life is preparing for the middle adulthood stage and the last stage is recovering from it. Perhaps that is because as older adults we can often look back on our lives with happiness and are content, feeling fulfilled with a deep sense that life has meaning and we've made a contribution to life, a feeling Erikson calls integrity.
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of wisdom.

15. Selected Quotes from Erik H. Erikson:
“Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired.“
”Healthy children will not fear life if their elders have integrity enough not to fear death”.
Erikson was best known for his impact on psychology through his theory on social development and his lengthy teaching career at prestigious institutions.

16. Thank You