2. Unit 1
Introduction to
Public Speaking

3. Chapter 1
Speaking in Public

4. Why Study Public Speaking?
Empowerment
Give you an edge
Audition for leadership
Employment
1st factor sought by employers
2nd is writing skills

5. Public Speaking and Conversation
Public speaking is more planned
Public speaking is more formal
The roles of public speakers and audiences are more clearly defined

6. What is Communication?
The sending and receiving of messages in order to establish shared meaning
Requires Competence In:
* Understanding Cultural Guidelines
* Critical Thinking
* Ethics
* Power
* Listening

7. Models of Communication
Linear
Interactional
Transactional

8. The Communication Model
Interference / Noise
Frame of Reference
Frame of Reference
Encode
Decode
Messages
&
Context
Decode
Encode
Sender
Receiver
Points of Contact
The Communication Model

9. Frame of Reference Age Education Gender Experiences Ethnicity
Environment
Culture
Family
Values
Beliefs
Education
Experiences
Interests
Dislikes
Prejudices
Self-Perceptions
Personal Expectations

10. Messages & Context Messages Feedforward Feedback Meanings Channels
Visual & Auditory
Tactile & Chemical
Context
Setting / Situation
Timing
Cultural Rules
Relationships between communicators

11. Noise Internal External Environmental Physiological
Psychological
External
Environmental
(Auditory and Visual)

12. 7 Principles of Communication
Communication is a process of adjustment
Communication is a Package of Messages
Communication is Ambiguous (Messages can have multiple meanings)

13. 7 Principles of Communication
Communication Involves content and relational dimensions
Communication is punctuated (Organized into stimuli/response)
Communication is Purposeful
Communication is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable

14. Public Speaking and Audience Diversity
Gender
Ethnicity
Culture

15. Chapter 2
Overview
of the
Speechmaking
Process

16. Consider Your Audience
Needs
Attitudes
Beliefs
Values
Other Characteristics

17. Select and Narrow Your Topic
Who is the audience?
What is the occasion?
What are my interests, talents, experiences?

18. Determine Your Purpose
To Inform
Teach
Define
Illustrate
Clarify
To Persuade
To Entertain

19. Develop Your Central Idea
Does it have logical divisions?
Reasons idea is true?
Can you support with series of steps?

20. Gathering Verbal/Visual Supporting Material
Facts
Examples
Definitions
Quotations
Relate Material to Listeners’ Lives

21. Organize Your Speech Central Idea Introduction Body Conclusion
Outlining

22. Rehearse Your Speech Practice Out Loud Practice Eye Contact
Decide On Style

23. Deliver Your Speech Assess Audience Use Effective Eye Contact
Concentrate on Message and Audience
Use Conversational Style

24. Credibility, Ethics and Public Speaking
Chapter 3
Credibility, Ethics and
Public Speaking

25. Aristotle’s Persuasive Appeals
Ethos - Speaker Credibility
Pathos - Message Tone
Logos - Message Logic / Reasoning
Mythos - Implied / Symbolic Meaning

26. Competence and Character
Credibility
Defined:
The Audience’s Perception of Whether a Speaker Is Qualified to Speak on a Given Topic.
Two Main Factors:
Competence and Character

27. Concern for the Audience
Competence
How the Audience Regards the Speaker’s:
Intelligence
Expertise
Subject Knowledge
Character
How the Audience Regards the Speaker’s:
Sincerity
Trustworthiness
Concern for the Audience

28. Types of Credibility
Initial - before the presentation (past knowledge and first impressions)
Derived - Developed during the speech delivery
Terminal - What is thought after the speech is completed

29. Credibility Is Significantly Affected by Delivery
Rate of Speech
Dialect/Accent and Inflection Patterns
Use of Language
Use of Vocalized Pauses and Fillers
Use of Body Language and Appearance

30. Ways to Build Credibility
Before, During, and After the Speech, Project the Qualities of:
Competence
Concern
Trustworthiness
Dynamism

31. Ethics
Defined:
The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
Ethical Decisions:
Involve weighing a potential action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

32. Speakers Make Ethical Decisions When:
Selecting a Topic
Researching the Speech
Organizing the Message
Delivering the Speech

33. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

34. Ethical Speaking Guidelines
Develop a Clear, Responsible Goal
Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning
Demonstrate Sensitivity to and Tolerance of Differences
Speak Honestly
Avoid Plagiarism
Follow the Guidelines for Ethical Listening

35. Ethical Listening Communicate Your Expectation and Provide Feedback
Be Sensitive To and Tolerant Of Differences
Listen Critically
Hold The Speaker To His or Her Ethical Responsibilities

36. Three Types of Plagiarism
Global - Stealing an Entire Message and Claiming It As Your Own
Patchwork - Taking Ideas From Two or Three Sources and Not Crediting the Source
Incremental - Failing to Give Credit for Particular Parts of a Message (Quotations, Paraphrases, Statistics, Etc.)

37. Protect Yourself from Committing Accidental Plagiarism
Be Careful When Taking Research Notes
Distinguish Between:
Direct Quotations
Paraphrased Material
Your Own Ideas
When in Doubt, Always Cite Your Source

38. Improving Your Confidence
Chapter 4
Improving
Your Confidence

39. Reasons for Being Nervous
Fear of Being Stared At
Fear of Failure
Fear of Rejection
Fear of the Unknown

40. Understanding Speaking Apprehension
Realize That Some Apprehension Is Normal
Understand the Type of Apprehension You Are Experiencing
Apprehension Can Be Based On:
Context - Type of Communication
Audience - Reaction to Receiver(s)
Situation - Timing or Level of Preparation
Personality – Trait-like Characteristics

41. Causes of Apprehension
Influences
Heredity (Communibiology)
Modeling
Childhood Reinforcement
Expectancy Learning
Situational Elements
Novelty
Formality
Status
Unfamiliarity
Degree of Attention from Others

42. Reactions to Apprehension
Physiological Reactions
Fight or Flight – Adrenaline Rush
Behavioral Reactions
Avoidance and Excuse-making
Psychological Reactions
Feelings of Failure Before the Event
Hyper Awareness
Loss of Concentration

43. Understanding Your Apprehension
Using the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension
PRCA-24

44. The PRCA-24 Sub-Scores Low Moderate High 6 15-18 30 Mean St. Deviation
Mean St. Deviation
Group
Meeting
Interpersonal
Public Speaking

45. Overall: Trait-like CA
The PRCA-24
Overall: Trait-like CA
Low Moderate High
Mean St. Deviation
Overall Score

46. Coping Strategies (Treatments)
Cognitive Restructuring
Visualization
Systematic Desensitization
Rhetoritherapy (Skills Training)
Physical Exercises
Breathing / Stretching / Isometric

47. Guidelines for Controlling Nervousness
Put Fear Into Perspective
Accept some fear as normal
Analyze the cause of the fear
Build Confidence with Preparation and Practice
Use Positive Self-Suggestion to Combat Anxiety

48. Building Your Confidence
Know Audience
Be Prepared
Select Appropriate Topic
Recreate Environment
Know Introduction And Conclusion

49. Building Your Confidence
Visualize Success
Use Deep-breathing
Focus On Message
Mental Pep Talk
Channel Energy
Seek Opportunities