1. APHG Review: Highlights for the APHG Exam 2015-16 Copeland AP Human Geography

2. Unit 2: POPULATION & MIGRATION MOVEMENT AND DIFFUSION

3. POPULATION Over 7 billion people living in the world today.
Over 50% in urban areas

4. DENSITY Density – number of people per square mile
Agricultural - # of farmers per unit of arable land
Physiological - # of people per unit of arable land

5. DISTRIBUTION
The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface (clustered vs. dispersed)

6. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

8. COMPOSITION
Pyramids – bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
Ethnic patterns in US

9. Population Pyramids
Sudan, 2000
United States, 2000
Italy, 2000

10. POPULATION & NATURAL HAZARDS
Technology and Innovation
Agricultural Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Medical Revolution
Black Plague
Irish Potato Famine
World Wars
AIDS

11. Vocabulary total fertility rate infant mortality rate life expectancy
Natural increase rate (BR-DR)
doubling time
dependency ratio
pyramids
carrying capacity

12. OVERPOPULATION
Excessive population of an area to the point of overcrowding, depletion of natural resources, or environmental deterioration

13. Thomas Malthus What is the “carrying capacity” related to today?
British economist in 1798
Population limited by the means of food production
Population will increase with food production
Private checks – “moral restraint, celibacy, chastity
Destructive checks – war, poverty, pestilence, famine
Neo-Malthusians
What is the “carrying capacity” related to today?

14. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
Based on Western Europe’s experiences
Stage 3 - personal choices – most critical stage
Stage 4 – social customs – women
Stage 5-”old” population, no births

15. POPULATION POLICIES China’s One-Child Policy-now ending!?
India’s policy – democracy, education, family planning
United States – norms/mores(traditions) (1750, 1950); changing demographics

16. RAVENSTEIN’S LAWS OF MIGRATION
Long-term movement of a person from one political jurisdiction to another
Immigrate/Emigrate
Political
Economic
Environmental
Cultural
KNOW
RAVENSTEIN’S LAWS OF MIGRATION

17. MIGRATION
Push Factors
Pull Factors

18. MIGRATION
Forced migration
Voluntary migration

19. Unit 3: CULTURAL PATTERNS AND PROCESSES

20. Think: ABC’S of CULTURE!
CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
CULTURE –
The way of life of a group of people
Think: ABC’S of CULTURE!

21. CONCEPTS OF CULTURE TRAIT –
A single attribute of culture, such as wearing a turban in a Muslim society

22. CONCEPTS OF CULTURE COMPLEX –
Combination of traits; related set of traits, such as prevailing dress codes, cooking, eating utensils

23. CONCEPTS OF CULTURE SYSTEM –
Combined cultural complexes; Northern China eats wheat; Southern China eats rice; both speak a similar language; shared history, philosophy, cultural traditions & attitudes

24. CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
The imprint of cultures on the land creates distinct and characteristic examples

25. CULTURAL LANDSCAPES & IDENTITY
1. VALUES AND PREFERENCES –
language, religion, entertainment, government buildings
“atmosphere” – easy to perceive, difficult to define
“Wall Street”
“China Town”
“Main Street”
“Little Italy”

26. CULTURAL LANDSCAPES & IDENTITY
2. SYMBOLIC LANDSCAPES –
size of Hindu/Buddhist temples are smaller than Islamic mosque or Christian church
toponyms (New York, Washington, D.C., Palestine/Rome/Paris Texas)

27. CULTURE HEARTH
Point of origin and source of cultural growth and diffusion

28. CULTURAL DIFFUSION
From the hearths, cultural innovations and ideas spread to other areas

29. CONCEPTS OF CULTURE PERCEPTION
Varying ideas and attitudes about space, place, and territory

30. CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
Process in which ACCULTURATION
a culture is substantially changed through interaction with another culture but it does not completely disappear

31. CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
REGIONS – areas in which there is a degree of homogeneity in the cultural characteristics; areas with similar landscapes
1 – the Americas
2 – Western Europe
3 – Eastern Europe
4 – Far East/Orient
5 – South Asia

32. CONCEPTS OF CULTURE 6 – Southeast Asia 7 – Oceania
8 – Middle East/Arab World
9 – West Africa
10 – Sub-Saharan Africa

33. LANGUAGES Family – shared but distant origins (Indo-European)
Branch – collection of languages related through a common ancestor (Romance, Germanic)
Group – collection of languages within a branch that share common origin and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary (West Germanic: English, German, Dutch
Lingua Franca – common language understood by many people although they each speak another language
Pidgin – language that has a small vocabulary and is combined and distorted from two or more languages

34. LANGUAGES Indo-European Spanish 488 English 468
2007 Statistics
LANGUAGE FAMILY MAJOR LANGUAGE #/MILLIONS
Indo-European Spanish English
Hindi
Portuguese
Bengali
Russian
Sino-Tibetan Mandarin Chinese
Japanese-Korean Japanese
Korean
Afro-Asiatic Arabic

35. RELIGION
difficult to define, but contains some common characteristics:
1 – belief in a god or gods 3 – literature/book
2 – rituals 4 – ethics/rules
monotheism – belief in one god
polytheism – belief in more than one god
animism – a soul or spirit is attributed to various phenomena
universalizing – actively seeking converts - *CONFLICT*
ethnic – closely identified with a specific cultural group

36. RELIGION 2011 statistics Islam 1,426,592,000 21.01
RELIGION TOTAL # %
Christianity 2,262,112,
Islam 1,426,592,
Hinduism 900,362,
Agnostics (No) 799,190,
Buddhism 396,593,
Atheism 157,529,
Sikhism 23,400,
Judaism 13,580,

37. RELIGION Cultural Landscape food eaten/meals festivals/clothing
temples/mosques/churches
statues/figurines

38. ETHNICITY
Combination of a people’s culture (traditions, customs, language, & religion) and racial ancestry
Ethnic cleansing is the slaughter or forced removal of one ethnic group from its home by another group
Ethnic conflicts – Yugoslavia, Quebec, Holocaust(?)

39. GENDER Roles performed culturally as designated by gender
Women still perform the majority of the domestic work
In the workplace, women do not get paid the same as men or have the same number of opportunities
Urban landscapes – statues and monuments typically male (war heroes, etc.)

40. POPULAR CULTURE FOLK CULTURE
Massive, homogeneous, diffuse rapidly, technological
FOLK CULTURE
Traditional, small, individualistic, family, little if any technology

41. Unit 4: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

42. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Territoriality
The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

43. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Sovereignty
Principle that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states and be recognized by other states and codified by international law

44. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Unitary State
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

45. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Federal State
Allocation of strong power to units of local government within the country

46. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Democratization
The transition to a more democratic political regime

47. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Nation
a group of people who possess common cultural traits
Kurdistan

48. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
State
a political entity that possesses sovereignty over an area delimited by internationally recognized boundaries
Mexico

49. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Nation-state
a political unit that contains one principal national group that gives it its identity and defines its territory
Denmark

50. RISE OF NATION-STATES
in response to the rise of nationalist political philosophies during the 18th century
2. humans want to be close to those of similar background
3. necessary and logical component of the transition from feudalism to capitalism
4. logical accompaniment of economic growth based on expanding technologies
5. arose from the collapse of local communities and the need for effective communication within a large unit

51. GROWTH THEORIES Wallerstein’s World Systems
World is divided into three spheres:
core
semi periphery
periphery

52. GROWTH THEORIES Size will increase as culture develops
RATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH
Size will increase as culture develops
Growth of a state is subsequent to other manifestations of the growth of the people
Growth from a process of annexing smaller members
Boundaries are peripheral organs that take part in all transformations of the state

53. GROWTH THEORIES
RATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH
As state grows, it will strive to occupy some politically valuable locations
6. Initial stimulus for growth is external
7. Tendency to grow continually increases in intensity

54. HEARTLAND AND RIMLAND
Mackinder’s Heartland Theory-the state that controls the Heartland (Russia) controls the world. Known as the World Island (Eurasia). Country should build up military ground forces to protect itself.
Spykman’s Rimland Theory-the state that controls access to the Heartland will control the World Island. Country should have a strong navy.
Russia (USSR) wanted to have both. Domino Theory and Containment involving spread of communism and Soviet Union.

55. Environmental Determinism and
GROWTH THEORIES
What connection is there between these growth theories and the concepts of
Environmental Determinism and
Possiblism?

56. Colonialism and Imperialism
Core – higher levels of education, salaries, more technology
Semi-periphery – transition between the two
Periphery – lower levels of education, salaries, less technology

57. INFLUENCE OF ETHNICITY
Ethnic homogeneity of countries vary, but the extent of a state’s cultural diversity often influences its political stability

58. CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS
Ethnic diversity can be a strong centrifugal force – leading to civil disorder, international conflict, unspeakable human rights abuses
Yugoslavia

59. CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS
Centripetal Forces
Unifying tendencies, such as a widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

60. CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS
Supranationalism
Organization involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives

61. CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS
Devolution
Process by which regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growth authority at the expense of central government

62. BOUNDARIES Generic Boundaries
identified on the basis of their inherent characteristics
natural or physical, ethnographic or cultural, historical, geometric

63. BOUNDARIES Generic Boundaries: Natural boundary
follows a river or mountain range
arguments over mineral and usage rights, bridge construction and maintenance, territory lost as a result of course changes over time

64. BOUNDARIES Ethnographic boundary Cultural differences mark separation
Partition of India

65. BOUNDARIES
Geometric
Using grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range

66. SHAPES OF STATES Compact State Prorupted State
Distance from center to any boundary does not vary significantly
Prorupted State
Compact state with a large projecting extension

67. SHAPES OF STATES Fragmented State
Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
Perforated State
A state that completely surrounds another one

68. SHAPES OF STATES
Elongated State
States with long and narrow shape

69. Unit 5: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE

70. DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION
FIRST AG REVOLUTION – seed crops, plant domestication
SECOND AG REVOLUTION – Enclosure Act-large, single-owner farms, field rotation, new crops, new breeds
THIRD AG REVOLUTION – “Green Revolution”, GMOs

71. AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS Upper SE Asian Mainland Meso-America
Lower SE Asian Mainland
Eastern India
SWA
East African Highlands
Meso-America
North-Central China
Mediterranean Basin
Western Sudan
Andean Highlands
Eastern South America

72. AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES
Nigerian women spread seeds
Slash and burn in Peru
Center pivot irrigation in Oregon

73. AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE ZONES

74. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
Hunting & Gathering
Shifting Cultivation
(slash-and-burn)
Pastoral Nomadism

75. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
Subsistence Ag
Commercial Ag
Mixed Crop & Livestock

76. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
Dairy Farming
Grain Farming
Livestock Ranching

77. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
Mediterranean Ag
Commercial Gardening/Fruit Farming
Plantation Farming

78. AGRICULTURAL FLOWS
Columbian Exchange
NAFTA

79. von THUNEN MODEL Originator of spatial models
Focused on maximizing the profit from his agricultural lands

80. von THUNEN MODEL Uniform soil, climate, level of terrain
All farmers lived equal distance from market and had equal access to it
Farmers sought maximum profits
“Isolated state” – no trade connections
Possessed only one market
Located centrally in the state

81. von THUNEN MODEL

82. von THUNEN MODEL

83. von THUNEN MODEL

84. von THUNEN MODEL

85. von THUNEN MODEL

86. THIRD AG REVOLUTION
The complex of seed and management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland
, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland

87. THIRD AG REVOLUTION
average yields
Rice 52%; Wheat %;

88. THIRD AG REVOLUTION
Advancements in PINGS (Mali) has helped delay famine and extended life expectancies

89. THIRD AG REVOLUTION HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS
New variations of seeds/plants
Irrigation
Mechanization
Fertilization
Use of pesticides
More food

90. THIRD AG REVOLUTION Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of land
Ground water depletion
Conflict between agricultural societies and urban sprawl

91. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION
Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors

92. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION
Increased mechanization
Development of biotechnology

93. HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE
Will we be able to produce enough food for the world’s people? At what cost – economic and environmental?

94. Unit 6: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
“HE WHO HAS THE GOLD, MAKES THE RULES!”

95. GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
Industrial Revolution – Began in England (Birmingham and Liverpool)

96. GROWTH AND DIFFUSION

97. LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES
Location theory helps explain the spatial positioning of industries and their successes or failures
Transportation, labor, energy, infrastructure costs are all a part in the location of heavy industries

98. LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES
Weber’s least-cost theory
Growth or decline of industries are influenced by political and environmental fluctuations

99. GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
Global industrial pattern dominated by the first countries that industrialized
Evolution of 3 economic cores and peripheries

100. GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
North American manufacturing complex is the largest in the world today
Asian Pacific Rim is the fastest growing industrial region in the world today

101. LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
Enormous gaps between rich and poor, both globally and regionally
Underlying economic disparities is a core-periphery relationship among different regions of the world

102. LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
21st century opened with some countries stuck in the primary sector whereas some were pushing the quaternary sector
Rapid development is usually associated with democracy, but some are growing under authoritarian regimes as well

103. CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS
Spatial organization of world economy

104. ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
Declining cost of transportation and communication led to enormous changes in tertiary sector in 20th century
Technology is accelerating the pace of life

105. ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
Deindustrialization in core has led to growth of labor intensive manufacturing in the periphery
International labor has increased globalization leading to both positive and negative impacts

106. QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

107. QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

108. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE & SUSTAINABILITY

109. IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION & DEVELOPMENT

110. CRITIQUES OF MODELS Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory Core
Semi-periphery
Periphery

111. CRITIQUES OF MODELS Alfred Weber – Least Cost Theory
#1 cost in industrial location… transportation of raw materials to factory as well as finished product to market
Cost-minimizing and Profit-maximizing theories/models (Hotteling’s Model and Losch’s Model) have their impact as well

112. Unit 7: URBANIZATION
“Cities have always been the fireplaces of civilization, whence light and heat radiated out into the dark, cold world.”
- Theodore Parker

113. STATISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Total Population:
World: 7 billion
USA: 304,052,606
Urban Population:
World: 340,094, 520 or 51%
USA: 243,545,650 or 80.1%

114. MEGACITIES

115. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Transportation
Access to water routes more important prior to railroads
NYC, Pittsburgh, San Francisco
Fall Line cities – NYC, Philadelphia, Washington DC, Richmond Va., Columbia SC, Columbus Ga.

116. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITE – the physical characteristics of a specific area
Originally located for commerce and defense
peninsulas and islands for earliest cities (Venice, Paris)
hills useful because of defense and drainage (Rome)

117. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Access to fresh water
domestic consumption
level of industrialization, standard of living, and population growth

118. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Geological character
- Manhattan Island on stable bedrock
- Venice, Los Angeles, Mexico City are on earthquake and flood plains

119. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITUATION – relative location of a place
Mumbai, India – adjacent to cotton fields
Birmingham, England – near coal deposits
Johannesburg, South Africa – centrally located around diamond mines
Houston, Tex. – near oil fields in Gulf of Mexico
Chicago, Ill. – major manufacturing adjacent to Corn Belt

120. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITUATION – relative location of a place
Situation can change over time –
+ discovery of new resource
+ construction of new recreational lake
- change in transportation patterns
- agricultural areas effected by drought

121. FUNCTIONS OF A CITY
Jobs and Services
Residential
Trade and Commerce
Manufacturing
Public Administration
Personal Services

123. Latin American City Model
Fig : In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city and in a sector extending along a commercial spine.

124. Squatter Settlements
The LDCs are unable to house the rapidly growing number of poor.
A large percentage of poor immigrants to urban areas in LDCs live in squatter settlements.
Squatter settlements have few services, because neither the city nor the residents can afford them.
Electricity service may be stolen by running a wire from the nearest power line.
In the absence of bus service or available private cars, a resident may have to walk two hours to reach a place of employment.
At first, squatters do little more than camp on the land or sleep in the street.
Families then erect primitive shelters with scavenged (materials).
The percentage of people living in squatter settlements, slums, and other illegal housing ranges from 33 percent in São Paulo, Brazil, to 85 percent in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, according to a U.N. study.

125. Peripheral Model of Urban Areas
Fig : The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

126. Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K.
Fig : New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.

127. IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON URBANIZATION
Urbanization has nearly doubled every 50 years since 1800
Mechanization has brought an increased flow of migrant labor
England was the first place in world history to have more urban dwellers than rural dwellers (1850)
In 1800, Paris was only European city on mainland to exceed 500,000; by end of century Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Moscow all over 1 million!

128. RANK-SIZE RULE AND MEGALOPOLIS
URBANIZATION
RANK-SIZE RULE AND MEGALOPOLIS

129. PRIMATE CITY STATUS
A country’s leading city is always is proportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant Mark Jefferson

130. PRIMATE CITY STATUS Not all countries have a primate city
India – New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore
China & Brazil – Beijing, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro

131. RANK-SIZE RULE
The second and subsequent smaller cities should represent a proportion of the largest city. The second city would be ½ the size of the largest city; the third largest city would be 1/3 of the size, etc George Zipf

132. RANK-SIZE RULE Paris (2.2 million) v. Marseilles (800,000)
London (6.9 million) v.
Birmingham (1 million)
Mexico City (9.8 million)
v. Guadalajara (1.7 million)

133. MEGALOPOLIS Jean Gottman (1950s) 300 mile stretch of BosWash
Greek for “very large city”
Inter-linked relationships between a variety of culturally and political urban areas

134. MEGALOPOLIS
Initially colonial settlements from the 1400’s and grew into villages, then cities, and now urban areas
As time progressed, the need for tight communication between Boston and Washington increased dramatically
Currently contains 17% of the country’s total population in only 1.5% of the total area of the country

135. MEGALOPOLIS
Economic activity, transportation, commuting, and communications linkages are most important
Government center, banking center, media center, academic center, immigration center, clothing manufacturing, cultural center
40% of all commercial international air-passenger departures have Megalopolitan origins
30% of American export trade passes through the ports of Megalopolis

136. PRIMATE CITY of the World
New York, New York
The City That Never Sleeps!

137. Good Luck on your APHG Exam