1. EUROPE I (CHAPTER 1: 38-53)

2. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES Western extremity of Eurasia Lingering world influence High degrees of specialization Manufacturing dominance Numerous nation-states Urbanized population High standards of living

3. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE REALM Western Europe Eastern Europe British Isles Northern Europe Mediterranean Europe

4. PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES Alpine System Western Uplands Central Uplands North European Lowland

5. RELATIVE LOCATION At the heart of the land hemisphere Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world Every part of Europe is close to the sea. Navigable waterways Moderate distances

6. RELATIVE LOCATION

7. AGRARIAN REVOLUTION Began in Europe in the 1750s Based on new agricultural innovations Enabled increased food production Enabled sustained population increase

8. VON THUNEN’S ISOLATED STATE A classic model in geography Fashioned in 1826 to explain the economic patterns developing in Europe Based on four concentric land use rings surrounding a market place Land use was a function of transportation costs. The Isolated State became the foundation for modern location theory.

9. VON THUNEN’S ISOLATED STATE

10. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Developed in the UK between 1750-1850 Evolved from technical innovations that occurred in British industry Proved to be a major catalyst towards increased urbanization Produced a distinct spatial pattern in Europe

11. INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY Alfred Weber published his work in 1909. Examined the influences that affect industrial location Focused on activities that occur at specific points Identified agglomerative and deglomerative forces

12. Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods Roman Empire -- Parts of North Africa - granaries -- Elba produced iron ore. -- Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead. AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION

13. Movement across geographic space Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas Principles Complementarity Transferability Intervening opportunity SPATIAL INTERACTION

14. Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands. One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area. Germany Italy COMPLEMENTARITY

16. The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost Rivers, Mountain Passes, Road networks Advances in transportation technology TRANSFERABILITY

17. The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites Would Austrian beer be cheaper to import into Italy? INTEREVENING OPPORTUNITY

18. URBAN TRADITION Urbanization Related concepts Primate city Metropolis CBD

19. POPULATION DENSITY Population Density: 255 persons per square mile Urbanization: 73% EUROPE

20. The term is a political designation. Refers to a municipal entity that is governed by some kind of administrative organization The largest cities (especially capitals) are: the foci of the state complete microcosms of their national cultures CITIES

21. A country’s largest city Jefferson’s criteria:  Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size  Expressive of the national culture  Usually (but not always) the capital Examples : Paris, London, Athens PRIMATE CITIES

22. Older Core or Central City The “Burbs” Outer Suburban City METROPOLITAN COMPLEXES

23. Similarities Central core Suburban ring EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES

24. Differences High suburban density Apartments Public transportation Land scarcity Centralized Urban planning EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES

25.  Falling share of the world’s population  Fertility at an all-time low  Fewer young people  Smaller working age population  Boom & bust age-dependent  Immigration partially offsetting losses EUROPE’S CHANGING POPULATION

26. EUROPE I (CHAPTER 1: 38-53)