1. Special Nutritional NEEDS
And
Eating Disorders

2. What are special needs and changing requirements?
Food Allergies
Sports nutrition
Pregnancy
Diabetes
Goals to gain, lose or maintain a healthy weight
Vegetarianism

3. Food Allergies
A Food Allergy is a reaction of the body’s immune system to something in a food or an ingredient in a food – usually a protein.

4. 8 most common food allergens
Milk
Eggs
Peanuts
Tree nuts
Soy
Wheat
Fish
Shellfish

5. Gluten verses Lactose
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease in which a person can’t tolerate gluten, a protein in wheat, rye, and barley. Gluten shows up in bread and pasta, but may also hide in many other foods, such as cold cuts, salad dressings, beer, and even licorice.
If a person with celiac disease eats gluten, the lining of their small intestine becomes inflamed and damaged. That hampers the absorption of nutrients and can lead to malnutrition and weight loss. Celiac patients also struggle with distressing symptoms, such as diarrhea, stomach upset, abdominal pain, and bloating.
Lactose intolerance means the body cannot easily digest lactose, a type of natural sugar found in milk and dairy products. This is not the same thing as a food allergy to milk.
When lactose moves through the large intestine (colon) without being properly digested, it can cause uncomfortable symptoms such as gas, belly pain, and bloating

6. Symptoms of food Allergies
The symptoms can vary greatly. These are just examples.
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Skin irritations/hives
Sneezing or runny nose
Shortness of breath
Bloating/gas

7. And the scariest symptom of all…..
Anaphylaxis –
A rare but fatal condition which may involve the swelling of the throat and closing of the airway.
This can be treated with an injection of epinephrine to open the airway again.

8. Planning meals for individuals with food allergies:
FDA requires that ingredients be listed on most food labels.
Completely avoid foods that may contain the allergy-producing product.
If you are allergic to something, how do you get the nutrients you are missing?

9. An Athletes diet should consist of:
carbohydrates 55%-60%.
Protein no more than 10%-15% due to the fact that training is what builds muscle not protein and any excess is stored as fat.
Fat no more than 30%

10. Excess Protein
Can deprive the athlete of more efficient fuel and can lead to dehydration.
High-protein diets increase the water requirements to eliminate the nitrogen through urine.
Protein supplements only give you milligrams of protein, where as, a single ounce of meat provides 7000 mg.

11. Carbohydrate Loading?
This is the technique of eating large amounts of carbs for several days before an endurance event.
There is usually enough glycogen (sugar) in the muscles and liver from a balanced diet to provide fuel for minutes of exercise.

12. Water – A key component
Water helps regulate body temperature and keeps the body from over heating.
Losing just 2% of the body’s water can hurt performance.
When exercising or any activity that makes you sweat, you need to drink an extra 400 to 600 milliliters (about 1.5 to 2.5 cups =16 floz) of water should suffice for short bouts of exercise.
But intense exercise lasting more than an hour (for example, running a marathon) requires more fluid intake. How much depends on how much you sweat during exercise, and the duration and type of exercise.

13. PRE-GAME MEAL
Consume 3 – 4 hours before activity to optimally fuel the muscles.
Meal should provide 500 – 1,000 calories.
It should be high in starch in the form of complex carbohydrates. EX: pasta, breads, cold cereal, fruit. (Digests at a rate which provides consistent energy)
Avoid meals high in fat, it takes longer to digest.
Take in adequate fluids. Avoid caffeine.
Take small amounts of lean meat, legumes, dried beans or eggs.
Get baked or broiled foods over fried!!! WHY???

14. Post Exercise This is the optimal time to increase glycogen stores.
Translation….. The sooner you eat after exercising, the body will store the glycogen (sugar) in the muscles and liver rather than storing in fat cells.

15. Weight loss and Gain Is not a good plan!!!
An eating plan which offers weight reduction of over eight pounds in the first week is a good plan. This gives your metabolism a kick start.
Is not a good plan!!!

16. Healthy Weight loss This is usually no more than two pounds per week.
This is with the correct 1-2 combo of eating healthy and exercise.
This type of weight loss stays off verses the dramatic weight loss which can come back after the extreme low calorie diet is stopped.

17. Losing Weight and Gaining Weight
With either plan… always consult a physician or dietician before trying to cut or add calories.
Then what do you do?
List everything you can think of to help someone lose weight and then to gain weight.
According to the YRBS of 2003, 12.5% of high school students were overweight.
The amount of intake (calories consumed) and the amount of output (calories expended) have a direct relationship with weight gain or loss
What is normal caloric intake?
You can increase or decrease by how much to gain or lose weight?
1 pound is equal to 3500 calories….. Do the math!

18. Characteristics of Fad Diets
The diet promises a “quick fix” or fast results (more than 1-2 pounds per week).
The diet suggests you can eat anything you want and may not need to exercise.
The promoters of the diet often “put down” traditional (and more healthy) methods of weight management.
****bring in some examples of weight loss plans****
Health fraud example: A diet or diet pill whose advertising to turn excess fat into lean muscle while you sleep. Why would it be fraud?

19. Bell Ringer
Get out your Daily food log and you MyChoosePlate assignment.
I will be collecting those at the beginning of class.

20. Diabetes What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes?
Type 1: body fails to produce insulin
Type II: unable to make enough insulin or use it properly
How do you “control” both?
Type 1: Daily doses of insulin (pump or injection)
Type 2: Low-fat, low-calorie diet
Physical activity

21. Diabetes Current Research
Studies now show that candy and sweets do not elevate blood sugar levels any higher or any more quickly than certain starches such as white bread, white rice, or white potatoes.
People with diabetes can have starches, sugars, and sweets as long as they make sure they are eaten in moderation and part of a balanced diet.
Consult a dietician to determine a proper meal plan.

22. Issues if diabetes isn’t controlled
Damaged vision
Kidney disease or failure
Increased risk for cardiovascular disease
Decreased circulation
Damage to sensory nerves
Decrease immune system causing poor wound healing

23. Nutrition tips for people with diabetes.
Check nutrition labels
Use sugar and substitutes in moderation
Get plenty of fiber. ADA recommends grams of fiber per day.
Drink plenty of water and use less salt.
Follow a consistent meal plan. 6 small meals throughout the day.
Eat balance meals with a variety of foods
Choose low fat options
What does moderation mean to you????

24. Pregnancy
What nutrients might a pregnant women need more than a non-pregnant women?
And why?

25. Increase nutrients needed
Calcium
Folic acid***
Calories
Iron
Protein
Vitamin D
Carbohydrates
Fiber
Vitamins and minerals
Can get a lot of this through the diet or may be given supplements during the pregnancy.
A pregnant women will only need 300 more calories per day during the pregnancy

26. Folic Acids Importance
The March of Dimes recommends that women of child bearing age consume a multivitamin containing 400 micrograms of folic acid before and during pregnancy.
Folic acid helps reduce the risk of neural tube defects (such as spina bifida) in infants.

27. Vegetarianism
The main focus in a vegetarian diet is fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds.
Three main types of vegetarians
Vegans that eliminate all foods from animals. They eat only plant based foods
Lacto-vegetarians can consume milk products along with the plant based foods
Lacto-ovo- vegetarians omit everything but milk products and eggs.

28. Issues with the diet?
Eat well balanced meals to get all the nutrients needed.
Need a variety of foods to get all the nutrients. Especially protein, calcium, iron, vitamin D, zinc, and Vitamin b-12
May need to supplement for some nutrients.
What would be the major nutrients they would be missing?

29. So what are some foods they can consume?
Soy based foods are a great way to get incomplete proteins.
Tofu is another way to get nutrients
Oils can be used in substitute for butter.
Always check with a physician before beginning an eating plan like this. Get check-ups regularly to prevent any depletion or issue with any nutrient.

30. Eating Disorders Are considered an addiction.
Choose between Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia
Binge Eating Disorder
Define the disease
Identify the signs/symptoms of the disease
How someone is diagnosed
Short/long term effects on body
% of people that have this disease
(men vs women)
Sports that are know for issues
Where you can go to get help
Athletes that have had problems with any of the disease