1. History of Medicine
A Timeline of Medical Discoveries, Inventions, Advances, and Events
from Prehistoric Times to the Present

2. 8000 BC—Stone Age
As early as the New Stone Age (Neolithic Period), people are using the operation of trepanning, boring a hole in the skull. Some primitive tribes still use this therapy today. It is believed that trepanning was used to either relieve horribly painful headaches, or to release demons from the skull. The heyssaw, shown below, was just one of the many tools used into the Middle Ages.

3. Shamanism
 Healing was integrated with the tribe's general cultural belief system, religion, view of nature than they are in recent centuries.

4. Shamans
Shamans use rituals to “release demons” and connect patient to the higher source of energy for healing. Also the use of medicine herbs and plants began. Shamans still practicing healing in some parts of the world and are big part of some cultures. It should be respected and understood, yet patient should be convinced to use contemporary medicine along with shamans healing. Video 4 min

5. 3000 BC Ancient Egyptians

6. 3000 BC Ancient Egyptians
Imhotep, the first physician known by name, practices medicine during Egypt's third dynasty.
Believed that the body was a system of channels for air, tears, blood, urine, sperm, and feces
If channels became “clogged”, bloodletting or leeches were used to “open” them
Used magic and medicinal plants to treat diseases
Average life span was 20 to 30 years

7. Imhotep – first known physician
He was the author of a medical treatise remarkable for being devoid of magical thinking; the so-called Edwin Smith papyrus containing anatomical observations, ailments, and cures.
5 min

8. 1700 BC-Ancient Chinese
Chinese medical system asserts that disease is the result of alienation from the universe's natural order.

9. 1700 BC-Ancient Chinese
Since the ancient time Chinese physicians use pulse diagnostic and acupuncture. Video 4 minutes

10. 400 BC—Ancient Greeks
Hippocrates (born c.460-died c. 370 BCE), recognized as the father of medicine, is a Greek physician who bases the practice of medicine on objective observation.
He believed that illness is caused by an imbalance of the four bodily humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm.

11. Hippocrates – the Father of medicine
 Hippocrates, "The Father of Medicine," and his school on the Greek isle of Cos, left a body of writings that was used as authoritative throughout the Mediterranean for over a millennium. 

12. Hippocratic Oath
His emphasis is on the physician/patient relationship, always putting the patient first. Although the Hippocratic Oath cannot be credited to him directly, it is representative of his medical principles.

13. Hippocratic Oath
I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:
I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.
I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.
I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery.

14. First do not harm
It is short version of Hippocrates saying:
"Practice two things in your dealings with disease: either help or do not harm the patient".
What would be a practical application of this rule?

15. 100 BC-Ancient Romans
Public latrines in Rome are provided in bath facilities where there is a constant source of running water.
Created aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities
Built sewers to carry waste materials away from cities
Used filtering systems in public baths to prevent disease

16. 100 BC-Ancient Romans

17. History of medicine
42 min

18. 170 CE—GALEN: PHYSICIAN, ANATOMIST, AND PHILOSOPHER
Galen (130 CE-200 CE) proves that arteries and veins carry blood instead of air, as previously thought. An adherent of Hippocrates's theory of bodily humors, Galen believes that bloodletting restores the body's fluids to perfect balance, curing most diseases.

19. Paracelsus – first epidemiologist

20. Vesalius – first comprehensive anatomy book

21. Andreas Vesalius First Anatomy Book

22. The Dark and Middle Ages
During the dark and the middle ages, after the fall of the Roman empire, the study of medicine stopped
Monks and priests stressed prayer to treat illness
A major epidemic of bubonic plague killed almost 75%of the population of Europe and Asia

23. AD 1350-The Renaissance
Artists Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci used dissection in order to draw the human body more realistically
First anatomy book published by Andreas Vesalius in 1543
Roger Bacon promoted chemical remedies to treat disease and researched optics and refraction (bending of light rays)

24. 16th and 17th Centuries
Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern surgery
He established use of ligatures to bind arteries to stop bleeding
Eliminated use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds
Improved treatment of fractures and promoted use of artificial limbs
Apothecaries(early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications

25. Ambroise Pare

26. 18th Century
Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer in 1714
Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals for glasses
Edward Jenner developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

27. 19th century International Red Cross was founded in 1863
Joseph Lister started using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection in 1865
Paul Ehrlich, a German bacteriologist, developed methods of detecting and differentiating between various diseases, developed the foundation for modern theories of immunity, and used chemicals to eliminate microorganisms
Louis Pasteur contributed many discoveries. One of them was a method to kill bacteria in milk – pasteurizing.

28. 19th century
The first successful blood transfusion was performed in 1818
The stethoscope was invented in 1819 by Rene Laennec
Theodor Fliedner started of the first deaconesses training center in Germany in 1836 to help sick and wounded.

29. Florence Nightingale-The Mother of Modern Nursing
When Florence Nightingale became a nurse, sanitation and personal hygiene of the British army were very poor
Her efforts in sanitation decreased the death rate by two thirds
Because of her statistics, sanitation reforms occurred and medical practice improved
She invented the system now known as the call light
She published over 200 books, pamphlets and reports

30. Florence Nightingale established first nursing school in England in 1890
Lectures were given by physicians, and nurses were supposed to take notes.
The expectations to nurses were set very high and it become a middle class women profession.

31. Florence Nightingale the Mother of Modern Nursing
In her honor an International Nursing Day was establish on her birthday – May 12
Every graduation from the nursing school around the world has a candle ceremony to honor “The Lady of the Lamp”

32. Candle ceremony

33. Florence Nightingale Museum in London

34. The 20th century The ABO blood groups were classified in 1901
Patients stopped dying from blood transfusion.
Blood donation became a major altruistic act of help of one person to another.

35. Infectious disease fight
Fleming Discovered penicillin in 1928
Antibiotic era started and immediately made humanity more powerful in fight with major life loss than ever before. It was really major gain in medicine.

36. Discovery of DNA code and structure
Francis Crick and James Watson described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953

37. Genetic sequencing now

38. First heart transplant
First successful heart transplant was performed by Christian Barnard in He was called The King of hearts after that.

39. 20th century continued
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was identified as a disease in min
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987 established regulations for the education and certification of nursing assistants
First clone - sheep was cloned in 1997

40. Homework History of Medicine test on Wednesday
Watch video on history of medicine
Medical Terminology Test 1, Workbook 1 on Thursday
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