1. Chapter 26 Urinary system infections/STDs
Medgar Evers College
Bio 261
Dr. Santos

4. Urinary system Infections
Microbes usually enter the reproductive system through the:
Vagina (females) or urethra (males)

5. Bacterial Disease Agents of infection Symptoms treatment
Bacterial Cystitis
Cystitis usually caused by E. coli & S.
saprophyticus
• May also be caused by Proteus,
Klebsiella, Enterococcus,
Pseudomonas
Burning, painful, frequent urination, foul smell and red colored urine, fever, chills, back pain, vomiting
Antimicrobial medication, hygiene, and drinking fluids.

6. Leptospirosis Disease Cause Symptoms Pathogenesis Treatment
Leptospira interrogans
Chills, fever,
headache, muscle
Aches
*without treatment can lead to kidney failure, meningitis, liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death.
Penetration of mucous membrane, travels via bloodstream, and colonization throughout body.
Avoid contact with animal urine, An antibiotics such as tetracycline.

7. Bacterial vaginosis Disease Cause Symptoms treatment
Gardnerella
Vaginalis
A small aerotolerant, gram positive bacteria
Infection without inflammation; thin white grayish bubbly vaginal discharge, fishy odor,
Treatment:
metronidazole

8. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Disease
Cause
Symptoms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Candida albicans
Itching, burning, thick white vaginal discharge, redness and swelling
An inflammatory response to the overgrowth of the yeast.
An antifungal medication such as clotrimazole.

9. Bacterial sexually transmitted diseases
Most of these are STD’s (sexually transmitted diseases)
• Prevented by condoms
Treated with antibiotics
Gonorrhea
Chlamydial Genital System infections
Syphilis
Chancroid

10. Gonorrhea • Agent of infection =Neisseria gonorrhoeae
•The 2nd most common bacterial STD
Most common in people aged 15 to 29
Can affect the cervix, urethra, rectum, throat, and occasionally the eyes
Can be treated with antibiotics

11. GONORRHEA: Signs & Symptoms
female
male
Increased vaginal discharge
Painful urination
Lower abdominal pain
Bleeding after sex and between periods
Pain during sex
Thick, yellowish-green discharge from penis
Painful urination
Testicular pain or swelling
Rectal pain, discharge or itching

12. Chlamydial genital system infections
Disease
Cause
Symptoms
treatment
Chlamydial genital system infections
Chlamydia trachomatis
Men; white- gray penile discharge, pain in the testes
Women; vaginal discharge and bleeding and lower and upper abdominal pain
Azithromycin and other antimicrobial medications.

13. Syphilis
A bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum that progresses in stages
Primary: (3 days – 3 months) starts as a small, painless sore called a chancre; goes away on it’s own
Secondary: (2 – 24 weeks) rash on the body, palms of hands & soles of feet, hair loss, feeling sick
Latent: lesions or rashes can recur

14. syphilis
Untreated syphilis may lead to tertiary syphilis, which can damage:
The cardiovascular system (heart & blood vessels)
The neurological system
Other major organs of the body
Complications may lead to death

15. Chancroid (Soft Chancre)
Causative agent: Haemophilus ducreyi
Symptoms: Painful ulcers of genitals swollen lymph nodes in groin
Diagnosis: Culture
Treatment: Erythromycin; cetriaxone

16. Viral/Genital Herpes
Two types: HSV-1, causing cold sores, and HSV-2, causing genital herpes
It is a viral infection causing outbreaks of painful sores and blisters
Spread through direct vaginal, oral or anal sexual contact with an infected partner
Also transmitted by receiving oral sex from a partner with a history of cold sores
Symptoms can be treated with antiviral medications, but NO CURE

17. Prior to an outbreak, the person may feel a tingling or burning sensation where the virus first entered the skin
Painful sores (external or internal)
Inflammation and redness
Fever
Muscular pain
Tender lymph nodes

18. Genital Warts Human papillomaviruses Warts in genital area
HPV 16 causes cervical cancer and cancer of the penis
Treatment: Podofilox; imiquimod
Prevention: Vaccination against HPV strains

19. AIDS Disease Cause Symptoms Pathogenesis treatment AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1
No symptoms or flu like symptoms, latent period followed by other infections that are opportunistic
HIV-1 infects CD+4 t cells and macrophages and destroys them and thus weakening the immune system
Abstinence from sex, protection, antiviral medications such as reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors, and good life style

20. Protozoa/Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis is the most common curable STD. In the United States, an estimated 3.7 million people have the infection. However, only about 30% develop any symptoms of trichomoniasis.
Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis.
Infection is more common in women than in men.

21. symptoms females males
Itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals;
Discomfort with urination;
A change in their vaginal discharge (i.e., thin discharge or increased volume) that can be clear, white, yellowish, or greenish with an unusual fishy smell.
Itching or irritation inside the penis;
Burning after urination or ejaculation;
Discharge from the penis.

22. treatment
Trichomoniasis can be treated with medication (either metronidazole or tinidazole). These pills are taken by mouth. It is safe for pregnant women to take this medication. It is not recommended to drink alcohol within 24 hours after taking this medication.