1. COURSE OVERVIEW Transboundary Water Resources

2. What’s the Issue? In a world of plentiful water resources – No competition and tension over development, protection and use of water – Decisions made on a unilateral basis to meet national objectives – Effects on downstream countries ignored In our world – Decisions made by consultation, negotiation, information sharing, and cost allocation among countries sharing a limited resource – Domestic and international politics, national priorities, and skewed perceptions of the costs, benefits and risks of different actions considered in reaching multilateral agreements on the use, protection and development of transboundary water resources

3. Course Objectives Planning, policy, and development of water resources in an international setting – Water rights and international water law – Economic analysis – International development goals and institutions Course focus – Countries with developed, transitional, and developing economies, using extensive case studies for several basins. – Course taught in participatory, seminar style – Students take a very active role

4. Specific Objectives Understand: – Context of international and international water resources issues and their relation to engineering planning and design, economic development and regional security. – Advantages and limitations of international water agreements and how they affect water resources development, especially in transboundary situations. – Planning and management decision-making processes in selected basins of the world. – Game theory applied to transboundary water negotiations – Literature in international water resources planning and development.

5. Housekeeping Prerequisites: Graduate standing Text: – Bridges over Water: Understanding Transboundary Water Conflict, Negotiation And Cooperation. Dinar, Dinar, McCaffrey, and McKinney. World Scientific Publishing Company. 2 nd ed, 2013 Exams: None Grading – Participation: 30% – Writing Assignments: 70% Problems from the Book - 5 assignments - 4% each Game theory problems - 4 assignments - 10% each Final Paper - 10% A 92 – 100% A- 89 - 91% B+ 86 – 88% B 82 - 85% B- 79 - 81% C+ 76 – 78%

6. Water Availability

7. The Water Cycle Check Sasha’s ppt’s

8. Global Water Cycle Principal sources of fresh water for human activities (44,800 km3/yr)

9. Global Water Resources Only this portion is renewable saline (salt) water: 10 to 100g/L (34g/L) brackish water: 1 to 10g/L (treatable) Fresh water: <1g/L (drinkable)

10. Global Water Availability

11. The Importance of Water Human / Environmental Health Dignity / Gender Equity Economic Growth / Poverty Reduction Environment and Ecosystem Services Food Security / Crops and Fisheries Energy Generation / Flood Control Conflict Prevention and Mitigation Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010

12. Population and Water Use global freshwater use is ~4000 km3/year ~10% of the renewable supply (44,800km3/year)

13. Global Water Withdrawal

14. Global Water Use

15. Water Supply and Sanitation 663 million people - 1 in 10 - lack access to safe water. 1,2 2.4 billion people - 1 in 3 - lack access to a toilet. 1,2 The water crisis is the #1 global risk based on impact to society (as a measure of devastation), as announced by the World Economic Forum in January 2015. 3 1. World Health Organization and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP). (2015) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation, 2015 Update and MDG Assessment.Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation, 2015 Update and MDG Assessment. 2. United States Census Bureau Estimates. (2015). United States and World Population Clock.United States and World Population Clock. 3. World Economic Forum. (2015). Global Risks 2015 Report.Global Risks 2015 Report. http://water.org/water-crisis/water-sanitation-facts/

16. Access to Safe Water 2009: 800 million people lacked access to an “improved” water sources. Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010

17. Access to Sanitation Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010 2009: more than 2 billion people lacked access to basic sanitation facilities

18. Access to Water Supply Reasonable access to an adequate amount of safe water – Treated surface water and untreated but uncontaminated water, such as from springs, sanitary wells, and protected boreholes – Urban areas - public fountain or standpipe located not more than 200 meters away. – Rural areas - members of the household do not have to spend a disproportionate part of the day fetching water. – An adequate amount of water is that needed to satisfy metabolic, hygienic, and domestic requirements Worldbank.org

19. Access to Sanitation At least adequate excreta disposal facilities – Private or shared, but not public – Effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. – Suitable facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with sewerage. – To be effective, all facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained. Worldbank.org

20. Domestic Water Use Survival = 5 L/day Drinking, cooking, bathing, and sanitation = 50 L United States = 250 to 300 L Netherlands = 104 L Somalia = 9 L * L/c/d = liters per person per day

21. Water Stress Index Based on human consumption –linked to population growth Domestic requirement: –About 100 L/c/d = 40 m 3 /c/yr Agricultural, industrial & energy need: –About 20 x 40 m 3 /c/yr = 800 m 3 /c/yr Total need: –840 m 3 /c/yr –About 1000 m 3 /c/yr

22. Water Stress Index Water availability below 1,000 m 3 /c/yr –chronic water related problems impeding development and harming human health Water sufficiency: >1700 m 3 /c/yr Water stress: <1700 m 3 /c/yr Water scarcity: <1000 m 3 /c/yr Prof. Malin Falkenmark