2. Focus Question To what extent can ideological conflict influence international relations? Key Terms and Concepts Brinkmanship Cold War Collective Security Containment Detente Deterrence Expansionism Ideological Conflict Liberation Movements Sphere of Influence

3. In this unit, we will examine ideological conflicts during the Cold War. During the Second World War, the USA and the Soviet Union put aside their differences to defeat their common enemy, Nazi Germany. When the war ended, however, they returned to their ideological conflict. Capitalist liberal democracy vs. Communism.

4. In 1927, Joseph Stalin predicted the following: As we go through this unit, think about Stalin’s prediction and ask yourself to what it extent he was correct....there will emerge two centers of world significance: a socialist center... and a capitalist center... Battle between these two centers for command of the world economy will decide the fate of capitalism and communism in the entire world.

5. The Cold War is defined as: The political, economic, and military rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

7. The conflict was expressed through military coalitions, espionage (spies), weapons development, invasions, propaganda, and competitive technological development, which included the space race.

8. The conflict included costly defense spending, a massive conventional and nuclear arms race, and numerous proxy wars.

9. An Ideological Struggle Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc Nations Goal: Spread worldwide communism. USA and Western Democracies Goal: Containment of communism.

11. Methodologies Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] Arms Race [Nuclear Escalation] Proxy Wars [Vietnam, Korea, Afghanistan, etc.] Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

12. Following World War Two Although the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France were allied against the Axis powers during the last four years of World War II, disagreements existed both during and after the conflict on many topics, particularly over the shape of the post-war world. At the war's conclusion, the relations between the Soviet Union and the U.S. were marked by conflicts where the two super powers supported opposing sides, but never directly confronted each other, a period of tension associated with fear of war between the two countries, and the creation of international organizations in an effort to maintain peace.

13. The Soviet Union created an Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as Satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact.

14. From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.

15. The West The United States and various western European countries began a policy of "containment" of communism and forged alliances to this end, including later NATO. The US foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment.

16. Containment The attempt to thwart another country’s expansionism through means other than direct warfare. < Senator McCarthy used fabrications to accuse Americans of Communist association. Senator McCarthy made national news in Feb. 1950 by accusing thousands of Americans of having Communist beliefs. The term “McCarthyism” refers to him accusing Americans of Communist association without any evidence to back it up.

18. How did we get here? During their joint war effort, which began thereafter in 1941, the Soviets strongly suspected that the British and the Americans had conspired to allow the Russians to bear the brunt of the battle against Nazi Germany. According to this view, the Western Allies had deliberately delayed opening a second anti-German front in order to step in at the last moment and shape the peace settlement. Thus, Soviet perceptions of the West and vice versa left a strong undercurrent of tension and hostility between the Allied powers.

19. Yalta Conference The wartime meeting from 4 February 1945 to 11 February 1945 among the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Premier Josef Stalin, respectively—for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations conquered by Germany.

20. Yalta Conference Initially, the atmosphere at Yalta was hopeful. It was clear that the war in Europe was ending and that the time had come to plan for the future of the region. The agreements made at the Yalta Conference included: Dividing Germany into four zones of occupation. British, American, French, and Soviet. Having free elections in the newly liberated countries of Europe, in keeping with “the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live.” To what extent did the hope reflected in the agreements from Yalta represent a feeling that countries could overcome the ideological differences between the superpowers?

21. When the “Big Three” (Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin) met at Yalta, Soviet troops occupied territory in much of central and eastern Europe. What impact might that have had on negotiations?

22. Potsdam Conference At the Potsdam Conference, which started in late July after Germany's surrender, serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and Eastern Europe. Moreover, the participants' language served to confirm their suspicions about each other's hostile intentions and entrench their positions.

23. The Western Allies had experienced changes at home since the Yalta Conference. In April 1945, Roosevelt had died, leaving Harry S. Truman as the new American President. The Americans and British were expressing openly anti- communist views, while Stalin maintained control of captured territory. Both sides did not trust each other. Many historians see the Potsdam Conference as the beginning of the Cold War.

24. Potsdam Conference At this conference Truman informed Stalin that the United States possessed a powerful new weapon. Stalin was aware that the Americans were working on the atomic bomb and, given that the Soviets' own rival program was in place, he reacted to the news calmly. The Soviet leader said he was pleased by the news and expressed the hope that the weapon would be used against Japan.

25. One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference, the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Shortly after the attacks, Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan.

26. Spheres of Influence Following WW2, the Soviet Union and the United States began to establish their spheres of influence in Europe and ultimately around the world.

27. Expansionism The attempt to enlarge territorial and ideological influence beyond a countries borders and allies. Both the Soviet Union and United States would practice it until the end of the Cold War.

28. Stalin saw postwar Soviet expansionism not only as a way to “command the world economy” but also for specific historical and geographical reasons.

29. Expansionism Stalin wanted to keep Germany divided. Stalin wanted to expand Soviet influence to surrounding countries for safety.

30. USA Expansionism The United States framed its expansionism in terms of providing other countries with the freedom to choose sides, of defending their freedom to choose a governing ideology.

31. Remember? Containment The attempt to thwart another country’s expansionism through means other than direct warfare....nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life...

32. In postwar Europe – and around the world – countries were making exactly the choices that Truman described, but not without difficulty. Truman wanted to stop Soviet expansionism in order to contain the spread of communism. Instead of resulting to a “hot war” the USA created alliances and provided aid, among other methods.

33. In 1947, US President Harry S. Truman developed a foreign policy to support anti-communist forces in Greece and Turkey. This policy reflected the idea of containment through a $400- million economic and military aid package to countries who supported defeating communism within their countries.

34. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.

35. Truman Doctrine By 1947, US president Harry S. Truman's advisors urged him to take immediate steps to counter the Soviet Union's influence, citing Stalin's efforts (amid post-war confusion and collapse) to undermine the US by encouraging rivalries among capitalists that could precipitate another war.

36. Marshall Plan In 1947, US secretary of state George Marshall announced a $13 Billion plan to help rebuild the Europeans countries devastated by war.

37. The Marshall Plan A pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate, including the Soviet Union. The plan's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe's balance of power, such as communist parties seizing control through elections or popular revolutions in countries like France or Italy. The plan stressed instead that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery.

38. Stalin saw the Marshall Plan as a significant threat to Soviet control of Eastern Europe. He believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet guidance, and that the US was trying to buy a pro- US re-alignment of Europe. Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid.

39. Analyze the cartoon. What is it’s central message.

41. As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany, in early 1948, representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system. In addition, in accordance with the Marshall Plan, they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the German economy.

42. One of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western force's railway and road access to the western sectors of Berlin that they had been controlling. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet controlled regions to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, thereby giving them nominal control over the entire city.

43. In response, the Western Allies formed the Berlin Airlift to bring supplies to the people of Berlin. The Berlin effort would require at least 4,000 tons a day. The success of the Airlift was humiliating to the Soviets, who had repeatedly claimed it could never possibly work. When it became clear that it did work, the blockade was lifted.

44. Because Berlin was divided it became a hotbed of Cold War tensions. August 12, 1961 – East German troops locked down the border and installed barbed wire and fences.

45. In the interest of security, some countries aligned themselves with one superpower or the other. For example, Canada and Great Britain were aligned with the United States.

46. Rather than following the ideologies of the superpowers, some countries chose their own entirely different ideologies. Many countries that had a long history European imperialism wanted to step away from the influence of the superpowers.

47. Held in Java, Indonesia in April 1955 it was a direct result of the ideological differences between the superpowers. Pgs. 250 to 251. What legacies exist today from the non-alignment movement of the 1950’s?

48. A method of cold war rather than hot war. It involves building up one’s capacity to fight such that neither opponent will fight because of the expected outcomes. Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

49. The attempt to push a dangerous situation as far as possible without conceding anything to your opponent.

50. A reduction of tensions through the signing of treaties.

51. Conflicts in which one superpower might fight in another country or provide support to a group which opposes the rival superpower.

52. Occurs when a country rebels against the country that colonized it or otherwise oppressed it.