1. Human Population Population Geography/Cultural Geography

2. Migration Geographers study migration by analyzing push factors and pull factors. –A push factor causes people to leave a location Lack of job or opportunity –A pull factor attracts people to a new location. Better job or higher pay –Most people migrate for economic reasons

3. Where are these people located? Do they have homes? Why are they leaving? Where are they going? Why are they going to that location?

4. Migration Environmental conditions and hazards cause migration. –Droughts and floods often force people to move –Warm sunny climates draw people Arizona/Florida/Texas –People also flee political unrest and wars Refugees – people who have been forced to leave and cannot return to their homes (push factor) –Physical geography can affect the routes, flows, and destination of migrants. Ex. Interior physical geography of the United States

5. Environmental conditions cause migration

6. Vietnamese Refugees

8. Migration What kinds of factors cause migration? Push factors such as lack of jobs, droughts, floods, political unrest, wars, persecution; Pull factors such as good jobs or pay, warm climates and other favorable environmental conditions, lack of persecution, physical geography.

9. Natural Increase Geographers are also interested in the rate of natural population growth, or natural increase. –Based just on births and deaths Does NOT take migration into account –Formula: death rate – birth rate = rate of natural increase Expressed as a percentage In the United States, the rate of natural increase is about 0.6 % each year

11. Natural Increase Rate of natural increase varies around the world Highest rates are found in Africa and Southwest Asia. –Rates are sometimes 3 % or higher –Number of people is rising rapidly Most countries in Central and South America and in Southeast Asia have more moderate rates of natural increase. The lowest rates with less than 1 % are found in most European and North American countries. –Australia, New Zealand, and Japan Some countries have negative growth rates. –The number of people living in these countries is decreasing. Italy Russia

12. Natural Increase These percentages sound small but… –If a country grows at a rate of 3 %…. –That country’s population will double in about 23 years! Doubling time – number of years needed to double a country’s population.

13. Natural Increase Where are the highest rates of natural increase found in the world? The lowest? Highest: Africa and Southwest Asia Lowest: Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan

15. Reasons for Population Increases Medical advances lead to better health care, which allows people to live longer. Agricultural advances lead to increased food production, which allows more people to live in an area. Sanitation advances lead to cleaner living conditions, which help people stay healthy.

16. World Population Trends The world’s population has increased rapidly in the last 200 years. Earth is home to more than 6 billion people. –Increasing 80 million each year –220,000 people a day Crowding and environmental problems are a concern

17. World Population Trends 600 million people composed the world’s population by 1600. –World’s population distribution was changing. Population clusters grew in North America, South Asia, and East Asia.

18. World Population Trends By about 1850, world population doubled to 1.2 billion. By 1930, world population passed 2 billion mark By 1975, World population doubled to 4 billion. In 2000, there were more than 6 billion people.

19. World Population Growth

22. Census The U.S. Population –Every 10 years, the U.S. Census Bureau counts the people who live in this country and gathers information about them. I –Interesting facts about the 2000 census form: For the first time, there was a question about grandparents as caregivers Respondents could mark more than one racial category The form was printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Tagalong, Vietnamese, and Korean. Assistance guides were available in 49 other languages. Census workers counted homeless people at camping sites, shelters, soup kitchens, and other places.

23. World Population Trends Worries about overpopulation. –A situation in which the existing number of people is too large to be supported by available resources. Debate –Birthrates have decreased in recent years –Will affect future population growth

24. Overpopulation

26. The Demographic Transition The demographic transition is a model that shows how birthrates and death rates dropped in many Western countries as they developed modern economies and industries. Advanced countries experiences a transition –High birthrates and death rates –TO –Low birthrates and death rates. No one can predict exactly how transitions will happen

29. Interesting Fact Between 1950 and 1998 the average life expectancy in the developing world rose from 40 to 63 years, and the world’s population more than doubled.

30. The Demographic Transition Stage 1 –High birthrates –High death rates Poor health conditions = children don’t live to become adults –High Infant mortality rate Number of infants that do not survive their first year of life –Population neither grows nor decreases much. –Total population remains relatively stable –Typical of most agricultural countries

31. The Demographic Transition Stage 2 –Death rates begins to fall Improvements in medicine and health care –Infant mortality rate falls More children survive their early years –Birthrate remains high. Families grow as children and adults live longer. Result: Total population grows –Rural to Urban migration Rapid growth of cities –Near the end of the Stage 2, birthrates begins to fall. Why?

32. The Demographic Transition Stage 3 –Birthrates are low –Death rates are low –Total population growth is low –Economically advanced countries reach this final stage. United States, Canada, Japan, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and nearly all European countries –These countries have all experienced a demographic transition from an agricultural society with high birthrates and death rates to an urban and industrial society with low birthrates and death rates.

33. How does the demographic transition explain trends in past world population growth? –Populations in many societies grew as they switched from agricultural to urban and industrial societies and as birthrates and death rates fell.

34. Future Populations Not certain Use Demographic information to make population projections. Estimates of a future population’s size, age, growth rate, or another characteristics based on current data. Forecasting future population growth is not easy Population growth is tied to future birthrates –Cannot be known ahead of time The farther into the future a projection is made, the less reliable it is.

35. Future Populations Future world growth rates will depend on what happens in the countries with high rates of natural increase. All countries will face population-related challenges. –Growing number of children –Growing number of older people Will strain the resources of countries –Maintaining public health, producing food, and protecting the environment will be important issues for ALL populations 9000 million by 2070?

37. Introduction Where were your parents born? Where were you born? What is your family’s religion? What is your religion? What language do you speak? What holidays or traditions do they have or follow?

38. Cultural Geography Culture is used to understand human geography. –Culture includes all the features of a people’s way of life Passed down Group language Religion Architecture, clothing, economics, family life, food and government. Beliefs, institutions, shared values, technology

39. Culture Traits Culture traits are activities and behaviors that people often take part in –Some cultures may have common traits –Some culture traits differ from place to place Americans – use knife, fork, spoon Chinese – use chopsticks Ethiopians – use fingers or bread –Each of these culture traits is considered correct where it is practiced.

40. Amish Culture

41. Culture Traits Many culture traits are linked. Ex. Amish –Traditional Amish beliefs favor a simple way of life and separation from many parts of modern society –People in Amish communities may not use automobiles, electric, or telephones. –Men Simple dress –Broad-brimmed black hats and plain clothing –Women Simple dress –Bonnets, long dresses, and shawls –Amish farmers do not use modern technology No tractors Horses to plow fields Amish example shows how the culture traits of religion, farming, and use of technology can be linked

43. Cultural Regions World is made up of many different culture groups –Each group has its own way of life Includes the way they use their land The resources they depend on and value What religions they practice Settlement patterns Attitudes toward the role of women in society Forms of government And other customs.

44. Settlement pattern

45. Culture Region An area in which people have many shared culture traits is called a culture region. –Individual country can be a culture region Japan –Countries can include many culture regions Countries in Africa include dozens of different ethnic groups.* –An ethnic group is a human population that shares a common culture or ancestry. »Kenya »Nigeria »South Africa

46. Culture Region Country borders sometimes divide culture regions and separate members of one ethnic group –Kurds – ethnic and linguistic group in Asia Some have borders that divide their traditional homeland boundaries –Iran, Iraq, and Turkey Culture region can be made up of several countries –Australia and New Zealand Share same language and have similar traditions and systems of government

50. Culture Change Culture traits change through time –Ex. New clothing styles What clothing styles were popular in the past? Clothing reflects personal values, tastes, and style Changes in culture traits are complex –1800s – streetcars –1900s – buses and cares –Today – modern expressways and subways Ex. Culture traits have changed due to changing transportation systems –Changed shopping patterns and personal mobility

53. Cultural Change Migration, war, and trade have caused cultures to change –These processes expose culture groups to new ways of life New languages Resources Technologies –Example: when Spain colonized the Americas, Spanish settlers brought horses with them. –Modern communications and transportation systems have speeded culture change.

54. Cultural Change When an individual or group adopts some traits of another culture, the process is called acculturation. –Ex. Immigrants to the United States Have to learn new language and adopt new way of life in U.S. –When immigrant groups adopt all of the features of the main culture, it is called assimilation How do general processes such as migration, war, and trade cause culture change? –Expose culture groups to new ways of life.

55. Innovation and Diffusion Two concepts help us understand how cultures change –Innovation – new ideas that a culture accepts. Ex. Baseball Ex. Ways for building boats –Diffusion – happens when an idea or innovation spreads from one person or group to another and is adopted. Jazz – Spread from New Orleans to other parts of the country and world. –Certain factors can aid or slow diffusion Physical barriers – mountains and deserts can slow diffusion Cultural similarities such as shared languages, can aid diffusion from one group to another

57. Types of Diffusion How does diffusion happen? –Culture traits can spread to new places through a society. This is called expansion diffusion –Culture traits also spread when people move to new places and take their culture with them. This is called relocation diffusion Ex. English Ex. Religions –Culture traits sometimes spread from places of greater size and influence to smaller places. This is called hierarchical diffusion Ex. New fashions and music styles often begin in Los Angeles or New York *

59. Globalization This process, in which connections around the world increase and cultures become more alike, is called globalization Today communications networks like the Internet and satellite television deliver information to people around the world These innovations are spreading culture traits more quickly –As a result, a global set of culture traits is taking hold. Fast-food* Jeans Cars Music

60. Globalization Rooted in the United States –American English –Slang –Popular culture –Business All spread to many countries and caused culture change Globalization also affects American culture –Japanese electronics –German cars –Italian fashions All popular in the United States

62. Globalization Globalization is an example of cultural convergence. –Different cultures blending together Happens when the ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another culture. –Ex. Spread of name-brand soft drinks throughout the world –Ex. Mexican food in the United States

63. Traditionalism The opposite of globalization is traditionalism –Means following longtime practices and opposing many modern technologies and ideas Religious fundamentalism has been a reaction to the spread of modern culture –People believe in strictly following certain established principles or teachings –Old ways of doing things should NOT be changed –Argue that old traditions tie people to their community, religion, and ancestors

64. Traditionalism Traditionalism contributes to cultural divergence –The process of cultures becoming separate and distinct This process happens when one group protects its culture form outside influences –Traditional cultures preserve the past and change very little Ex. Ethnic celebrations and festivals keep cultures separate and distinct

65. Closing: Group Exercise What foods are typical of a culture in your area? How did the popularity of that dish spread to the region? How are foods related to the today’s topics?

66. QUIZ!