1. Native Americans

2. History Arrival: Bering Land Bridge  12,000-25,000 years ago European Settlement (16 th cent)  killed many natives by conflict / disease Indian Removal Act of 1830  Trail of Tears Indian Wars (1860s- 1890s):  most conflicts won by US military; last major conflict was battle of Wounded Knee Assimilation  Dawes Act (reservations broken up and sold to nuclear families) and education History: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XS8DEjd2QBghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XS8DEjd2QBg

4. Location/Population 2 1/2 million in US 540 recognized tribes Oklahoma- largest concentration 1924: allowed to become US citizens

6. Language 300 spoken in US Navajo- most widely spoken (followed by Cree)  - used as code in World War II http://www.lakhota.org/_images/status/expansion.gif

7. Religion Unseen powers exist Respect all life or destruction will result Worship strengthens bonds of community Trained, sacred practitioners pass on knowledge Traditions teach morals and ethics Humor is necessary (eases the journey)

8. Holidays/Events Based on Earth’s rhythms Some Natives are Christians (celebrate Christmas etc.) Sun Dance: healing ceremony Snake Dance: bring rain

9. Family Life Extended families Division of labor- male jobs/female jobs Children are highly valued

10. Living Conditions Most substandard 28% below poverty level High unemployment (about 50%) Stress, depression, drug and alcohol abuse (3X death rate) common Tourism ($) leading to better conditions (1988: Indian Gaming Regulation Act)