2. 印地语字母发音资料 从网上大学等资料处进行整理

3. 元音发音

4. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 A a अ a/u as in cut, but, about 发音说明 : A low-mid or mid central unrounded vowel, similar to the first, de-stressed vowel in the English vert "subject", or to the vowel in English "but", articulated with the lips somewhat closer together than in southern stardard English. 元音 Vowels

5. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Aaa aa ā आ a as in start, father, last 发音说明 : A low central unreounded vowel, similar to the first vowel in English "father" (but in sounthern standard English pronunciation the vowel ā is articulated further back in the mouth than is the case with Hindi ā). 元音 Vowels

6. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Eei इ i as in list, mist, twist 发音说明 : A quite high front unrounded vowel, rather like the vowel in English "sit" in sounthern standard English pronunciatino. (In some pronunciations of English the vowel "i" is articulated rather lower in the mouth than is the case with Hindi i.) Many speakers of Hindi often employ a higher, tenser, somewhat longer pronunciation of this vowel than that indicated here (in which it is less distinct from the fllowing vowel, ī). 元音 Vowels

7. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Ii ii ī ई ee/ea as in feed, clean, sea 发音说明 : A high fornt unrounded vowel, similar to the vowel in English "seat" in sounthern standard English pronunciation. (In some pronunciations of English the vowel ī is articulated lower in the mouth and more laxly than is the case with Hindi ī). 元音 Vowels

8. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 uøu उ u/oo as in pull, book, full 发音说明 : A quite high back rounded vowel, rather like the vowel in English "put" in sounthern standard English pronunciation, though tending to be slightly higher. (In some pronunciations of English the vowel u is articulated distinctly lower in the mouth than is the case with Hindi u.) Many speakers of Hindi often employ a higher, tenser, somewhat longer pronunciation of this vowel than indicdated here (in which it is less distinct form the following vowel, ū). 元音 Vowels

9. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 UÜ uu ū ऊ oo as in fool, pool, boot 发音说明 : A high back rounded vowel, rather like the vowel in English food in sounthern standard English pronunciation, but with slightly less lip rounding than this vowel sometimes receives in that pronunciation. (In some pronunciations of English the vowel ū is articulated with much less lip rounding than is the case with Hindi ū.) 元音 Vowels

10. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Oðe ए a as in lame, blame, plate 发音说明 : A high-mid front unrounded vowel, similar to the first vowel in German geben or French été. This sound does not occur as a single vowel in most pronunciations of English, but is similar to the first component of the diphthong herad in the sountern standard English pronunciation of the word play. Most English speakers need to take special care not to pronounce a diphthong for e. 元音 Vowels

11. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Oðòai ऐ a/ai as in cat, rat, clam 发音说明 : The sound represented by the digraph ai is frequently a low to low-mid front unrounded vowel, rather like the vowel in English had in sounthern standard English pronunciation, but tending often to be pronounced with a slightly higher point of articulation (as in many other pronunciations of the word had). The student is recommended to adopt this monophthongal type of pronunciation, which is fairly normal in the western part of the Hindi language area. Elsewhere a diphthongal pronunciation of the sound is common (Hindi a + short e usually; sometimes a + i). 元音 Vowels

12. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 A<<o ओ o/oa as in float, boat, tote 发音说明 : A high-mid back rounded vowel, similar to the vowel in German Sohn or French beau. This sound does not occur as a single vowel in most pronunciations of English, but is similar to the first component of the diphthong heard in Scottish or American pronunciations of the word go. Most English speakers need to take special care not to pronounce a diphthong for o. 元音 Vowels

13. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 A>>au औ au/ou/o as in bought, caught, dot 发音说明 : The sound represented by the digraph au is frequently a low-mid to mid back rounded vowel, somewhat like the vowel in English nod in southern standard English pronunciation, but rather longer, and tending usually to be pronounced with a slightly higher point of articulation. The student is recommended to adopt this monophthongal type of pronunciation, which is fairly normal in the western part of the Hindi language area. Elsewhere a diphthongal pronunciation of the sound is common (Hindi a + short o usually; sometimes a + u). 元音 Vowels

14. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Aùùan अं un as in clunk, hung, drunk 发音说明 : All vowels may be pronounced with or without nasality. The articulation of a vowel generally does not change when it is nasalized; note particularly that nasalized ā does not have the value of French nasalized [ã] in enfant, which shows low back, not low central, vowels. The point of articulation of e and o, however, tends to be slightly lowered when these vowels are nasalized. 元音 Vowels

15. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 AHHah अः uh as in duh, huh 发音说明 : 元音 Vowels

16. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 àri ऋ ri as in Krishna, embryo 发音说明 : 元音 Vowels

17. k – Group Velars 软颚音

18. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 kk क k as in book, bake 发音说明 : Velar plosive, similar to unaspirated k in English skin (but not to k in most English speakers' pronunciation of kin, king, etc., which is aspirated). 辅音 K-Group Velars

19. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 ka kha kh ख kh as in kit 发音说明 : Aspirated consonant corresponds to the unaspirated consonant. 辅音 K-Group Velars

20. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 ga g ग g as in game, sing, good 发音说明 : Velar plosive; as English g in the word go. 辅音 K-Group Velars

21. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Ga gha gh घ gh as in ghost 发音说明 : One of the voice aspirated plosives. These sounds are difficult for ono-Indian (and some Indian) learners of Hindi. The difficulty is to keep both plosive and aspiration voiced, (accompanied by vibration of the vocal chords), and at the same time to avoid allowing a vowel to intervene between them, i.e. to avoid saying either khar or gahar for ghar, etc. Constant practice of these sounds is necesary. It may be helpful at first to try repeating the sound-group hāg- hāg-hāg as quickly as possible, when h will probably coalesce with preceding g as voiced rather than voiceless aspiration (similarly with hāj, hād, etc). Voiced aspirates before consonants and at the end of words tend to show reduced aspiration; thus ghar has more aspiration than samajhnā, bāgh. 辅音 K-Group Velars

22. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 { nga ṅ ङ ng as in dancing 发音说明 : Velar nasal; as the final consonant in southern standard English sing. Occurs chiefly before velar k, g, kh, gh, and glottal h. 辅音 K-Group Velars

23. ch – Group Pre-palatals 颚前音

24. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 ca c च ch as in cheap, cheese 发音说明 : Pre-palatal affricate; the closest English equivalent is ch in church, etc., but Hindi c has minimum aspiration, and is more tense in articulation than English ch. The student will be helped to avoid aspiration by keeping the tongue tip down in the mouth, behind the bottom teeth, and trying to say ty rather than ch. 辅音 Ch-Group Pre-palatal

25. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 C cha ch छ chh as in chew 发音说明 : Aspirated consonant corresponds to the unaspirated consonant. 辅音 Ch-Group Pre-palatal

26. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 ja ज j as in just 发音说明 : Pre-palatal affricate; similar to English j, but with a more tense articulation than that which is often shown by this sound. The student may produce a more Indian j by keeping the tongue tip down in the mouth and trying to say dy rather than j. 辅音 Ch-Group Pre-palatal

27. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Ja jha jh झ jh as in 发音说明 : One of the voice aspirated plosives. These sounds are difficult for ono-Indian (and some Indian) learners of Hindi. The difficulty is to keep both plosive and aspiration voiced, (accompanied by vibration of the vocal chords), and at the same time to avoid allowing a vowel to intervene between them, i.e. to avoid saying either khar or gahar for ghar, etc. Constant practice of these sounds is necesary. It may be helpful at first to try repeating the sound-group hāg- hāg-hāg as quickly as possible, when h will probably coalesce with preceding g as voiced rather than voiceless aspiration (similarly with hāj, hād, etc). Voiced aspirates before consonants and at the end of words tend to show reduced aspiration; thus ghar has more aspiration than samajhnā, bāgh. 辅音 Ch-Group Pre-palatal

28. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Waian ञ ian as in 发音说明 : 辅音 Ch-Group Pre-palatal

29. T – Group Retroflexes 卷舌音

30. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 X Ta ṭ ट T as in postman 发音说明 : Voiceless unaspirated and Retroflex plosive; the closest English equivalent is the unaspirated t in steam, stop, etc. The tongue tip is retroflexed so that its underside touches the roof of the mouth, usually further back than in the case of English t (in which the tip touches the alveolum or ridge behind the teeth). Note that t in most English speakers' pronunciation of team, top, etc., is aspirated, and is not a good model for the articulation of Hindi ṭ. 辅音 T-Group Retroflexes

31. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Y Tha ṭ h ठ Th as in terrific 发音说明 : The aspirated consonant correspond to the unaspirated consonant. Note: ṭ h and th must be carefully distinguished. 辅音 T-Group Retroflexes

32. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 R Da ḍ ड D as in daddy, dear 发音说明 : 辅音 T-Group Retroflexes

33. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Z Dha ḍ h ढ Dh as in Toledo mudhens 发音说明 : One of the voice aspirated plosives. These sounds are difficult for ono- Indian (and some Indian) learners of Hindi. The difficulty is to keep both plosive and aspiration voiced, (accompanied by vibration of the vocal chords), and at the same time to avoid allowing a vowel to intervene between them, i.e. to avoid saying either khar or gahar for ghar, etc. Constant practice of these sounds is necesary. It may be helpful at first to try repeating the sound-group hāg-hāg-hāg as quickly as possible, when h will probably coalesce with preceding g as voiced rather than voiceless aspiration (similarly with hāj, hād, etc). Voiced aspirates before consonants and at the end of words tend to show reduced aspiration; thus ghar has more aspiration than samajhnā, bāgh. 辅音 T-Group Retroflexes

34. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Na Dna ṇ ण 发音说明 : Retroflex nasal. Occurs before retroflex ṭ, ṭ h, ḍ, ḍ h, and in Sanskrit loanwords (where it is often replaced by dental n or, where an effort is made to distinguish it from n, by a nasalized retroflex flap ṝ ; for the flap ṛ in Hindi see below). 辅音 T-Group Retroflexes

35. T – Group Dentals 舌尖音

36. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 ta t त t as in pasta 发音说明 : Dental unaspirated plosive, in which the tongue tip touches the teeth, not the ridge behind the teeth. This articulation of t is common in English before a word beginning with a dental fricative, e.g. in the sequence at the... It is most important that the student should master the pronunciation of t and other dental sounds in Hindi and distinguish them from the corresponding retroflexes. 辅音 T-Group Dentals

37. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Ta tha th थ th as in month 发音说明 : The aspirated consonant correspond to the unaspirated consonant. Note: ṭ h and th must be carefully distinguished. 辅音 T-Group Dentals

38. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 d da d द d as in breadth, at the 发音说明 : 辅音 T-Group Dentals

39. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Da dha dh ध dh as in the city riyadh 发音说明 : One of the voice aspirated plosives. These sounds are difficult for ono-Indian (and some Indian) learners of Hindi. The difficulty is to keep both plosive and aspiration voiced, (accompanied by vibration of the vocal chords), and at the same time to avoid allowing a vowel to intervene between them, i.e. to avoid saying either khar or gahar for ghar, etc. Constant practice of these sounds is necesary. It may be helpful at first to try repeating the sound-group hāg- hāg-hāg as quickly as possible, when h will probably coalesce with preceding g as voiced rather than voiceless aspiration (similarly with hāj, hād, etc). Voiced aspirates before consonants and at the end of words tend to show reduced aspiration; thus ghar has more aspiration than samajhnā, bāgh. 辅音 T-Group Dentals

40. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 na n न n as in nose, no 发音说明 : Dental nasal, distinguished from ṇ as t from ṭ, etc. 辅音 T-Group Dentals

41. P – Group Labials 唇音

42. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 pa p प p as in lapse, papa 发音说明 : Bilabial plosive, similar to unaspirated p in English spin (but not to p in most English speakers' pronunciation of pin, pat, etc., which is aspirated). 辅音 P-Group Labials

43. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 P pha ph फ ph/f as in fix, philosophy 发音说明 : Aspirated consonant corresponds to the unaspirated consonant p. 辅音 P-Group Labials

44. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 ba b ब best, bed 发音说明 : As English b. 辅音 P-Group Labials

45. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Ba bha bh भ bh as in abhor 发音说明 : One of the voice aspirated plosives. These sounds are difficult for ono-Indian (and some Indian) learners of Hindi. The difficulty is to keep both plosive and aspiration voiced, (accompanied by vibration of the vocal chords), and at the same time to avoid allowing a vowel to intervene between them, i.e. to avoid saying either khar or gahar for ghar, etc. Constant practice of these sounds is necesary. It may be helpful at first to try repeating the sound-group hāg-hāg- hāg as quickly as possible, when h will probably coalesce with preceding g as voiced rather than voiceless aspiration (similarly with hāj, hād, etc). Voiced aspirates before consonants and at the end of words tend to show reduced aspiration; thus ghar has more aspiration than samajhnā, bāgh. 辅音 P-Group Labials

46. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 ma म m as in must, mother 发音说明 : Bilabial nasal; as English m. 辅音 P-Group Labials

47. Y – Group Semivowels 半元音

48. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Sa sh ś श sh as in sham, show 发音说明 : Voiceless pre-palatal fricative; similar to English sh, but often more tense in articulation. 半元音 Y-Group Semivowels

49. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 \a sh ṣ ष 发音说明 : Voiceless retroflex fricative. Can be practised by placing the tongue in the position to pronouce ṭ, then withdrawing it to allow the passage of breath. This sound only occurs in Sanskrit loanwords and is often replaced by ś. 半元音 Y-Group Semivowels

50. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 sa s स s as in sad, six 发音说明 : Voiceless alveolar or post-dental fricative; similar to English s. 半元音 Y-Group Semivowels

51. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 h ha h ह h as in ho- hum, hat 发音说明 : Voiced glottal fricative. English h is not regularly voiced, and effort will usually be required by the student to make the vocal chords vibrate throughout the articulation of the Hindi sound. The expiration of air which accompanies the voice often gives an effect of breathiness in the pronunciation of a word containing h. h 在词尾或者辅音前时往往会变成 ha 的发音. 如果 h 后面没有元音音节, 前面是元音 a, 则发音会变成短音 e, 如英文中的 bet. 例 rahnā, kahtā, kah. 如果 h 前为 a, 后为 u, 则变成短的ɔ, 如英文中的 nod. 例 bahut 当 h 前面为非重音的 a, 且在词尾, 则发音趋于淡化. 在一般谈话与快速谈话中常 见. 但也有另一种发音, 保留了 h 的音节, 此时 h 的发音提到了 a 之前. 半元音 Y-Group Semivowels

52. Flaps 拍音

53. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 _ RṛRṛ ड़ Dr as in 发音说明 : Retroflex flap. The tongue is retroflexed as for pronouncing ḍ, but the tip, instead of making firm contact with the roof of the mouth, is flapped quickly forward, touching the roof of the mouth only lightly or not at all, and finishes behind the lower teeth. This sound does not occur initially in words. For nasalized ṝ.. 拍音 Flaps

54. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 ` Rh ṛ h ढ़ Drh as in 发音说明 : Aspirated retroflex flap. 拍音 Flaps

55. Sanskrit letters 梵文字母

56. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 xa ksha क्ष ksh as in 发音说明 : 梵文字 Sanskrit letter

57. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 *a tra त्र tr as in 发音说明 : 梵文字 Sanskrit letter

58. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 w gya ज्ञ gya as in 发音说明 : 梵文字 Sanskrit letter

59. Persian letters 波斯字母

60. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 q क़ k/q as in quote 发音说明 : 波斯字母 Persian letter

61. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 Qa ख़ kh/ch as in chutzpah, bach 发音说明 : 波斯字母 Persian letter

62. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 ^a ग़ a/u as in gemeinschaf t 发音说明 : 波斯字母 Persian letter

63. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 za ज़ z as in zephyr, zest 发音说明 : 波斯字母 Persian letter

64. HindiMaatraas 发音标示笔划发音播放发音简明 f फ़ f as in fall, fast 发音说明 : 波斯字母 Persian letter