2. Welcome to English Class

3. MY PROFILE Md. Abu Kauser Sarker Assistant Teacher BTCL Ideal School & College Cell: 01717377522 E-mail: kausarsarker@yahoo.com

5. Sentence sentence `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kã cvkvcvwk e‡m hw` g‡bi fve m¤úyY©i~‡c cÖKvk K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K sentence e‡j| There are three elements in a sentence. 1. Subject 2. Verb 3. Extension

6. Subject Sentence Gi g‡a¨ hvi Øviv wµqvi KvR m¤úbœ nq Zv‡K Subject ev KZ©v e‡j|Example: He plays football.

7. Verbs Definition ‡h word Øviv †Kvb KvR Kiv eySvq Zv‡K Verb e‡j| Verb cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_vt 1.Finite Verb (mgvwcKv wµqv) 2.Non-finite Verb (AmgvwcKv wµqv) Example: Kamal goes to play football.

8. Kinds of Finite Verb: 1.Principal Verb (mgvwcKv wµqv) 2. Auxiliary Verb (AmgvwcKv wµqv) Principal Verb: ‡h Verb Gi wbR¯^ A_© Av‡Q Zv‡K Principal Verb e‡j| Example: The boy is playing football. Note: Principal Verb Qviv sentence n‡Z cv‡ibv|

9. Kinds of Principal Verb: 1. Transitive Verb (mKg©K wµqv) 2. Intransitive Verb (AKg©K wµqv) Transitive Verb: ‡h Verb object MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K Transitive Verb e‡j| Example: They sing a song. Intransitive Verb: ‡h Verb object MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡K Intransitive Verb e‡j| Example: We go to school.

10. Auxiliary Verb: ‡h Verb Gi wbR¯^ †Kvb A_© †bB wKš‘ Principal Verb ‡K Tense MV‡b mvnv‡h¨ K‡i Zv‡K Auxiliary Verb e‡j| Example: Example: The boys are playing football in the field. Note: Auxiliary Verb ¸‡jv KL‡bv KL‡bv Principal Verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq †m‡¶‡Î H Auxiliary Verb Gi GKwU wbR¯^ A_© _v‡K| Example: He is a doctor Example: He is a doctor

11. Kinds of Auxiliary Verb: 1. Primary Auxiliary Verb 2. Modal Auxiliary Verb Primary Auxiliary Verb: ‡h Auxiliary Verb ¸‡jv subject Gi number Ges person Abyhvqx wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K Primary Auxiliary Verb e‡j| Example: I am playing in the field. He is playing football in the field. The boys are playing football.

12. List of Primary Auxiliary verbs To Be Verb → Am, Is Are, Was, Were, Be, Been, Being To Have Verb→ Have, Has, Had To Do Verb → Do, Does, Did

13. Modal Auxiliary Verb ‡h Auxiliary Verb ¸‡jv subject Gi number Ges person Abyhvqx wbqwš¿Z nq bv Zv‡K Modal Auxiliary Verb e‡j| Example: Example:You can draw the picture. We can swim in the river. They can not sing a song. List of Modal Auxiliary Verbs: can, could, shall, should, will, would may, might, must, ought (to), used (to), need, dare etc.

14. Non-finite Verb: ‡h verb Øviv g‡bi fve m¤úyY©iƒ‡c cÖKvk cvq bv Zv‡K Non-finite Verb e‡j| Example: Example: I want to eat. Note: Finite Verb Qviv sentence n‡Z cv‡ibv| Kinds of Non-finite Verb: There are three kinds of Non-finite Verbs. 1.Gerund 2.Participle 3.Infinitive

15. Gerund: Verb Gi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM Kivi c‡i hw` Zv GKB mv‡_ Noun Ges Verb Gi KvR K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K Gerund e‡j|Example: Smoking is harmful for health. He started running. Note: GKgvÎ Noun Ges Pronoun Subject Ges Object wn‡m‡e em‡Z cv‡i|

16. Participle: Verb Gi †h form ¸‡jv GKBmv‡_ Verb Ges Adjective Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K Participle e‡j| Kinds of Participle: There are 3 kinds of participle. 1.Present Participle 2.Past Participle 3.Perfect Participle

17. Present Participle Verb Gi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM Kivi c‡i hw` Zv GKB mv‡_ Adjective Ges Verb Gi KvR K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K Present Participle e‡j| Example: I saw a sleeping dog. Past Participle Verb Gi mv‡_ d, ed, t, n, en, ne ‡hvM Kivi c‡i hw` Zv GKB mv‡_ Adjective Ges Verb Gi KvR K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K Past Participle e‡j| Example: He has lost his broken umbrella. Perfect Participle=Having+P.P.F of Verb(V3 Infinitive= To= Base form of Verb (V1)

18. Extension: Subject Ges Verb Gi c‡i e¨eüZ AskwU‡K ejv nq Extension | Elements of Extension: There are three elements in Extension. 1.Object2. Complement3. Adverb Object: Subject hvi Dci wbf©i K‡i wµqvi KvR m¤úv`b K‡i Zv‡K Object e‡j| Example: 1. They are making a garden. 2. I invited him. 3. He called me. Note: Verb- ‡K Kx, Kv‡K, Kv‡`i‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq ZvB Object |

19. The Case: The Case: Sentence Gi g‡a¨ Noun ev Pronoun Gi mv‡_ Ab¨ Word Gi m¯úK© Abyhvqx H Noun ev Pronoun Gi †h iƒcMZ cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡KB Case e‡j | Types of Cases: There are mainly three types of Cases. 1.Nominative ev Subjective Case (KZ©„KviK) 2.Objective Case 3.Possessive Case

20. May, might, can, could, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to যুক্ত Active voice কে Passive voice- এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় – এদের পরে 'be' বসে এবং তার পরেই মূল verb টির Past participle হয়।

21. Subjective Case: Noun ev Pronoun hLb ev‡K¨i Subject wn‡m‡e e‡m ZLb Zv‡K Subjective Case e‡j| Example: He eats rice. Objective Case: Noun ev Pronoun hLb ev‡K¨i Object wn‡m‡e e‡m ZLb Zv‡K Objective Case e‡j| Example: He does not like him. Possessive Case: hLb †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun Ab¨ GKwU Noun Gi mvg‡b e‡m wKsev GKv GKvB e‡m Noun ev Pronoun Gi mv‡_ AwaKvi wKsev m¤^Ü cÖKvk K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Possessive Case e‡j| Example: They are my friends. Bangladesh is ours

22. Can Can be + pv (PPF) May May be + PV (PPF) May have May have been + PV (PPF) Might Might be + PV (PPF) Might Have Might have been + PV (PPF) Could Could be + PV (PPF) Could have Could have been + PV (PPF) Must have Must have been + PV (PPF) Should Should be + PV (PPF) Would Would be + PV (PPF) Would have Would have been + PV (PPF) Ought to ought to be + PV (PPF) Use to use to be + PV (PPF) Am/ is/ are/ to Am/ is/ are + to be + PV (PPF) Am/ is/ are+was/were+going+to+ verb+ present Am/ is/ are+ going to+ be+ + PV (PPF)

23. You should obey your parents. = Your parents should be obeyed by you. We ought to love our country. = Our country ought to be loved by us. He may help you. = You may be helped by him. You must do the work. = The work must be done by you.

24. Active voice এর ক্ষেত্রে যদি am, to, is to, are to, have to, has to, had to, going to থাকে তাহলে passive voice- এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় এদের পরে 'be' বসে এবং তার পরে মূল verb টির Past participle হয়।

25. I didn't have to do the work. = The work didn't have to be done by me. They are going to open a bank. = A bank is going to be opened by them. I am to do it. = It is to be done by me.

26. Auxiliary verb থাকলে --- শুধু Auxiliary verb থাকলে --- Structure: Auxiliary verb+ obj+ be/being/been+verb এর p.p.f+by+sub Has he done it? = Has it been done by him? Are you reading a book? = Is a book being read by you? Passive Voice of Interrogative Sentence

27. W.H questions যুক্ত active voice কে passive করার নিয়ম। 'who, পরিবর্তিত হয়ে By whom' এবং 'Whom' পরিবর্তিত হয়ে 'Who' হিসেবে বসে। N. B:, 'who, পরিবর্তিত হয়ে By whom' এবং 'Whom' পরিবর্তিত হয়ে 'Who' হিসেবে বসে। অন্যান্য W.H questions পরিবর্তন হয় না । বাকী সব পূর্বের structure অনুযায়ী হবে অন্যান্য W.H questions পরিবর্তন হয় না । বাকী সব পূর্বের structure অনুযায়ী হবে ।

28. Will you open the door? = Will the door be opened by you? How did you do it? = How was it done by you? Who stole your book? = By whom was your book stolen?

29. When did you do the sum? = When was the sum done by you? What class do you read in? = What class is read in by you? Who had done it? = By whom had it been done?

30. Whom did you call? = Who was called by you? How did you want this? = How was this wanted by you? Which book do you want? = Which book is wanted by you? Who will do the work? = By whom will the work be done? Who taught you English? = By whom were you taught English?

31. Passive voice of Imperative Sentences Structure: Let+ object+ be+verb- এর p.p.f Open the door. = Let the door be opened Post the letter. = Let the letter be posted. Change the voice. = Let the voice be changed.

32. Note: Imperative sentence- এর প্রথমে please ব্যবহৃত হলে Passive Voice- এ "You are requested to" ব্যবহৃত হয়, কিন্তু Sentence টি Negative হলে "You are requested not to" ব্যবহৃত হয়।

33. Please do the work. = You are requested to do the work. Please do not do the work. =You are requested not to do the work Please do not tell a lie. = You are requested not to tell a lie.

34. Imperative Sentence, let দ্বারা সূচিত হলে passive voice- এ পরিবর্তন কালে Let ঠিক রাখতে হবে। Structure: Let+ object+ be+verb- এর P.P.F+ by+ subject.

35. Let me do the sum. = Let the sum be done by me. Let him read the book. = Let the book be read by him. Let her sing a song. = Let a song be sung by her.

36. Imperative Sentence টি Negative হলে Passive voice- এ পরিবর্তন কালে Let not ব্যবহার করতে হবে। Structure: Let not+object+be+verb- এর Past participle.

37. Do not laugh at the poor. =Let not the poor be laughed at. Do not tell a lie. = Let not a lie be told. Do not make a noise = Let not a noise be made. Do not laugh at the poor. =Let not the poor be laughed at. Do not tell a lie. = Let not a lie be told. Do not make a noise = Let not a noise be made.

38. Note: Imperative sentence- এ direct ও Indirect object থাকলে passive voice- এ direct object টি Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং Indirect object- এর পূর্বে to বা for বসে।

39. Give me a glass of water. = Let a glass of water be given to me. Buy me a book. = Let a book be bought for me.

40. Passive Voice of double objects দুটি Object যুক্ত sentence কে Passive- এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় একটি Object কে Subject করতে হয় এবং অন্যটি verb এর পরে বসে। N. B. সাধারণত ব্যক্তিবাচক Object টি Subject করতে হয়।

41. He teaches us English. = We are taught English by him I give him a book. = He was given a book by me. Salim offered me a seat. =I was offered a seat by Salim.

42. Reflexive object (Himself, myself, ourselves, yourselves, herself, themselves) কখনও Passive voice- এ subject রূপে ব্যবহৃত না হয়ে object হিসেবে থেকে যায় এবং এদের পূর্বে by বসে।

43. He hurt himself. = He was hurt by himself. Somon praises himself. = Somon is praised by himself. He killed himself. = He was killed by himself.