1. { Introduction to A.P. Psychology Chapter 1 What is psychology? Psychology, broadly defined is the study of ___________ and experience What defines behavior? For our purposes behavior refers to almost any activity. Such as the blink of an eye, thinking, and running The word psychology comes from the Greek root words: Psyche-soul or _____________ Logos-field of ____________ Objective 1. not being influenced by personal feelings or opinions 2. having real existence _______________ a person’s mind Subjective 1. being influenced by personal feelings or opinions 2. existing in a person’s ____________ behavior mind study outside mind

2. Animism = a view that everything (rocks, trees, rivers, animals, humans) contains spirits and so has a _______________ of its' own. For more personal religious concepts such as Yaweh (the God of the Hebrews) *every event in the lives of humans was part of some larger cosmic plan. So we have two examples of spiritualistic histories dealing with the intervention of supernatural forces into human affairs and behavior (Greek animism and the Bible). mind/soul

3. People in psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)-considered “father of psychology”, first psy. lab in Leipzig, ______________ (1879) *Structuralism-school of thought devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up the ___________ and thought. Study "elements" of conscious experience (memory, attention, cognition, learning, sensation, etc...) *________________-method of self-observation, report your thought/feelings William James-American psychologist argued psychology should include function of conscious not just __________________ Germany mind Introspection structure

4. *__________________-school of thought that believes mental processes could best be understood in terms of adaptive purpose and _____________ *influenced by Charles Darwin's book "the ___________ of______________." Gestalt psychology-focused on "Whole patterns" or "Perceptual ____________“ Franz Josef Gall (1758-1828)- German physician who came up with phrenology. Functionalism function origin species wholes

5. Phrenology-the study of “bumps on your head” Gall said that specific parts of the brain were responsible for specific behavior and/or functions (considered a pseudo psychology) 1.Research/Experimental psychologists=those who study the origin, cause, or results of certain behaviors (work in __________) 2.Applied=those who make direct use of the findings of research psychologists (work directly with _____________) labs patients

6. *examples of Applied psychologists (Industrial/organizational, Sports, Engineering, School, Rehabilitation, Clinical/counseling) Psychiatry-medical specialty (not part of psychology), have a M.D. can prescribe _________________. Contemporary approaches (theories) to studying psychology 1. PSYCHOANALYTIC/PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY -developed by Sigmund _______(1856-1939) AKA “black couch” theory medicine Freud

7. * considered inner-self to be cesspools of forbidden __________ *centered around ________ & aggressive impulses that are hidden in our unconscious from childhood * * unconscious -stuff we are ________________ of *these unconscious impulses control behavior and have to be analyzed by a therapist by using: free- association & dream ___________ *lot of psychologists view Freud as to negative and to focused on sex/aggression desires sex unaware analysis

8. 2. Behavioral theory-developed by John ____________ (1879- 1958) views ALL behavior as a product of learning and associations all behavior learned by stimulus-response study only _____________ behavior takes away “free-will”. Like robots AKA “behaviorism” doesn’t take into account present moment ( ______ pressure) influenced by Soviet Socialism B.F. _____________ (1904-1990) said: We are mechanically controlled by the environment Behavior based on rewards-________________ Watson Observable peer Skinner punishments

9. 3. Humanistic theory-Abraham __________ & Carl __________ reaction to behaviorism behavior not “controlled” by environment nor unconscious impulses but environment serves as “backdrop” people are born __________ people can reach ___________ (sees people as perfect seed needing perfect environment) Can we be perfect? Maslow Rogers good perfection

11. Why aren’t we perfect now? people have “free-will” influenced by the “theory” of evolution “New Age” religion heavily influenced by humanistic theory Interested in your feelings and self-concept

12. 4.Cognitive theory-focuses on how we process, store, & use information AND how this information influences our behavior Cognition=refers to "______________" or using “mental processes” behavior more than stimulus-____________ behavior influenced by mental processes, memories, perceptions, & expectations they say that most important human ability is that we can take in information from environment, analyze it, and come up with solutions to problems downplays effects of ____________ thinking response emotions

13. 5. BIOLOGICAL THEORY- emphasizes impact of ____________ factors on behavior study brain chemistry and function study influence of ___________ factors, hormones(___________ system), & ___________ system on behavior PET scans and _________ scans are 2 tools psychobiologists use Evolutionary Psychology biological genetic endocrine nervous CAT

14. 6. SOCIOCULTURAL VIEW- studies influence of culture/ethnic similarities & differences on behavior studies impact of ethnic, religious, & ___________ groups on behavior crime, conformity, family systems, prejudice, IQ testing Eclectic theory-process of making your own approach to behavior by borrowing parts of two or more other theories. AKA as "eclecticism" racial

15. Look up the following and explain what/who they are: 1. Empirical approach 2. Facilitated communication 3. Developmental View 4. Trait view 5. Mary Whiton Calkins 6. Dorthea Dix 7. Ivan Pavlov 8. Jean Piaget 9. G. Stanley Hall 10. “Blank slate”