2. DRUG ABUSE 1

3.  Make a list of the three different types of drugs that you are already aware of and place them in the proper column:  How many do you have in each column? OTC Rx (prescriptive) Illegal 2

4. DEFINITION OF A DRUG Any chemical substance that can produce mind-altering effects or change in body functioning. 3

5. DOSAGE Amount of the drug necessary to produce its intended effect. 4

6. TYPES OF DOSAGES MINIMAL DOSAGE - smallest amount of the drug needed to achieve desired effect. 5

7. TYPES OF DOSAGES AVERAGE DOSAGE - amount of drug taken successfully by most people. 6

8. TYPES OF DOSAGES MAXIMUM DOSAGE - highest level of the drug allowed to avoid toxicity which could potentially lead to overdosing. 7

9. How do drugs enter your body? 1. INjection intravenously administer the drug. This is the fastest method for drugs to enter the bloodstream. 2. INhalation Drug is breathed in to the lungs and then absorbed into the bloodstream. Second fastest route. 3. INgestion Orally take a drug by mouth. Slowest method because digestion is required.

10. ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION 1. INJECT - intravenously administer the drug. This is the fastest method for drugs to enter the bloodstream. 9

11. ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION 2. INHALE - drug is breathed in to the lungs and then absorbed into the bloodstream. Second fastest route. 10

12. ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION 3. INGEST - orally take a drug by mouth. Slowest method because digestion is required. 11

13. FACTORS AFFECTING DOSAGE 1. AGE - children and the elderly usually require smaller amounts of the drug. 12

14. FACTORS AFFECTING DOSAGE 2. BODY SIZE - the larger the person, the larger the dose. 13

15. FACTORS AFFECTING DOSAGE 3. PRESENCE OF DISEASE - if an illness or disease is present, the dosage may need an adjustment. 14

16.  DO NOW: On a scrap piece of paper, describe an account of someone you know who has used a drug or drugs illegally. What happened? How did they act? Does he/she still continue using them? ** Do not put your name on the paper!! This is completely anonymous! These will be discussed. 15

17. 16 Psychoactive Drug All psychoactive drugs affect either thoughts, perceptions, or moods.

18. “Gateway Drug - : a drug that is thought to lead to the use of more dangerous drugs (such as cocaine or heroin) The 3 main ones: 1. Tobacco 2. Alcohol 3. Marijuana

19. 4 MAJOR TYPES OF DRUGS 1. DEPRESSANTS : These slow down the activity of the nervous system. 18

20. DEPRESSANT DRUGS INCLUDE: Alcohol Inhalants - including glue, nail polish remover, cleaning fluid, lighter fluid, antifreeze, aerosol from cans or household products and gasoline minor tranquilizers - including Valium sedatives - including Barbiturates, Quaaludes, and PCP 19

21. DEPRESSANT DRUGS ALL DEPRESSANTS EXCEPT PCP CAN BE OBTAINED LEGALLY 20

22. 4 MAJOR TYPES OF DRUGS 2. STIMULANTS : stimulate activity by speeding up body activities. 21

23. STIMULANT DRUGS INCLUDE: Legal drugs - caffeine and nicotine Illegal drugs – amphetamines (“ uppers ”), methadrine, ecstacy, and cocaine. 22

24. 4 MAJOR TYPES OF DRUGS 3. HALLUCINOGENS : these are what distort reality and the mind. They have no medical use and create altered perceptions. 23

25. HALLUNINOGENIC DRUGS INCLUDE Marijuana (limited medical uses), LSD, and mescaline. ALL HALLUCINOGENS ARE ILLEGAL 24

26. LSD, PCP, Peyote Mescaline, psilocybin, MDA, belladonna, MDMA, mandrake Types of Illegal Drugs Hallucinogens © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 25

27. Hallucinogens Street use is intended to produce “mind expansion,” hallucinations, and psychedelic experiences Types of Illegal Drugs © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 26

28. 4 MAJOR TYPES OF DRUGS 4. NARCOTICS : these have an analgesic effect. They relieve pain and make surgery possible, but they are highly addictive. 27

29. Opium, heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine, Dilaudid Types of Illegal Drugs Narcotics © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 28

30. NARCOTIC DRUGS INCLUDE: morphine, codeine, and heroin 29

31. Street use of these drugs is intended to induce pleasure,… Narcotics Types of Illegal Drugs © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 30

32. …euphoria, a lack of concern, and general feelings of well-being Types of Illegal Drugs Narcotics © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 31

33. 32

34. About Rx Drug Abuse What is prescription (Rx) drug abuse?  Prescription drug abuse is when someone takes a medication inappropriately, such as:  Without a prescription  In a way other than as prescribed  For the “high” elicited 33

35. The Problem Every day in the United States, 2,000 teenagers abuse Rx drugs for the first time. Rx drugs are the most abused drug by teens after alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco. 34

36. Commonly Abused Rx Drugs Opioids (Narcotics) —Usually prescribed to treat pain Stimulants —Most often prescribed to treat ADHD Central nervous system (CNS) depressants —Prescribed to treat anxiety and sleep disorders 35

37. Myths About Rx Drugs Myth: Prescription drugs are safer to abuse than other drugs because they are prescribed by a doctor. Myth: Using stimulant medications such as Adderall or Ritalin can help teens do well in school by improving focus and energy. 36

38. Used illegally to enhance body mass, and increase strength Types of Illegal Drugs Anabolic Steroids © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 37

39. Nandrolene Oxandrolene Oxymetholone Stanozolol Types of Illegal Drugs Anabolic Steroids © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 38

40. Inhalants Highly volatile substances which generally act as central nervous system depressants Types of Illegal Drugs © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 39

41. Nitrous oxide, carbon tetrachloride, amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite, chloroform, freon, acetate and toluene Types of Illegal Drugs Inhalants © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 40

42. Drug Abuse - Why do people start? Idea that it’s easy to quit. “just want to try it” Social crutch: feel confident in social situations, something to handle or hold Deal with problems: escape, pressure, depression, boredom Don’t know how to say no. Feel older Feel cool Feel different Peer pressure Fit in Fun Media: advertising, TV, movies, music Friends / family Relieve stress / relax 41

43.  The top reasons given by young people include… 1. To feel grown up 2. To fit in and belong 3. To relax and feel good 4. To take risks and rebel 5. To satisfy curiosity Source:“Keeping Youth Drug-Free” program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Why Do Young Adults Try Drugs? 42

44. WHAT MOTIVATES DRUG USE? Social - peer pressure to go against your will or normal reasoning. For the effect drugs have on our minds and bodies: 43

45. SOME EFFECTS OF DRUGS: to relieve stress; for relaxation to relieve tension They are curious as an escape from reality medicinal value feeling of euphoria - “drug-induced high” 44

46. SOME EFFECTS OF DRUGS: pleasurable effect - “high” apathy - sense of powerlessness arising from race, sex, age, or social status or class self-fulfilling prophecy - feelings of defeat, hopelessness, or powerlessness. Fall to others low expectations and feel like a failure. 45

47. WHAT DETERMINES A DRUG’S EFFECT? 1. Dosage - minimum, average, and maximum amount used 2. Potency - the overall strength of the drug 46

48. WHAT DETERMINES A DRUG’S EFFECT? 3. Solubility - whether the drug dissolves in fat or water 4. Site - location in the body that the drug is intended to affect 47

49. WHAT DETERMINES A DRUG’S EFFECT? 5. Set - expectations/attitudes the person has that the drug will cause to happen to them. 6. Setting - environment in which drugs are used whether in the presence of others or done while alone or isolated. 48

50. ONSET OF ACTION vs. DURATION ONSET OF ACTION – the amount of time it takes for a drug to take effect (begin working). DURATION – how long the drug’s effect will last. 49

51. PATTERNS OF DRUG USE EXPERIMENTAL USE - user is curious about the drugs effect while believing they are in no danger. Usually low dosages are used at first. 50

52. PATTERNS OF DRUG USE SOCIAL USE - use of drugs in public or social settings. 51

53. PATTERNS OF DRUG USE SITUATIONAL USE - use of drugs to cope. User first begins to feel a need for the drug. 52

54. PATTERNS OF DRUG USE INTENSIFIED USE - use drugs repeatedly and over a long period of time at higher doses. Feel they cannot function without the drug(s). 53

55. PATTERNS OF DRUG USE COMPULSIVE USE - user is dependent on heavy drug use. Control is lost. 54

56. LEVELS OF DRUG DEPENDENCE PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE - first level of drug dependence. A strong mental desire to continue use of a drug. They become restless, irritable, or anxious if drug is not present. 55

57. LEVELS OF DRUG DEPENDENCE TOLERANCE - STAGE 2. A decreased response to the drugs effect. “More of the same to achieve the same.” Also, larger doses can be taken without overdosing. 56

58. LEVELS OF DRUG DEPENDENCE PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE - the body must have the drug in order to continue normal functioning. Most severe stage of drug dependence. 57

59. LEVELS OF DRUG DEPENDENCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME - removal or discontinuing the use of a drug. Sometimes, the side effects of withdrawal are so bad, drug users take a drug to reduce withdrawal. 58

60. LEVELS OF DRUG DEPENDENCE –EUPHORIA – the high from a drug –DYSPHORIA – the low from the drug often referred to as a “crash” as the drug begins to fade away. –To avoid the “crash”, users take more of the drug 59

61. LEVELS OF DRUG DEPENDENCE –Potentiation: drugs should not be combined with other drugs. This could produce a synergistic effect where the effect of a drug is multiplied rather than just added. Also called Drug Interactions. 60

62. What are drug interactions? Occurs when drugs react with another drug, food or dietary supplement. Also called synergism or potentiation Could increase or decrease the overall effect of a drug.

63. The product's active ingredients, including the amount in each dosage unit. The purpose of the product. The uses (indications) for the product. 62

64. Specific warnings, including when the product should not be used under any circumstances, and when it is appropriate to consult with a doctor or pharmacist. This section also describes side effects that could occur and substances or activities to avoid. 63

65. The product's inactive ingredients, important information to help consumers avoid ingredients that may cause an allergic reaction. Dosage instructions--when, how, and how often to take the product. 64

66. http://www.fda.gov/drugs/emergencypreparedness/bioterrorisma nddrugpreparedness/ucm133411.htm http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm14 3551.htm 65