1. © 2007, TESCCC

2. Transformation refers to the concept of complete change. Transformation in this unit involves the personal growth or evolution of authors, readers, and the audience through the composition, reading, and/or presentation of a literary work.

3. © 2007, TESCCC Poetry is a written form of expression characterized by figurative language, as well as other characteristics. Some poetry may illustrate emotion, while others may not. Some poetry is written within strictly-defined rules of structure: these include lines, stanzas, sound devices, rhyme, and/or meter. Other poems (more common in modern poetry) are free of rules. All poetry, however, is written as a response to a revelation about human existence.

4. © 2007, TESCCC Narrative Poetry is defined as poetry that tells a story. Sharing the same elements as a story, a narrative poem has characters, setting, plot, and point of view.

5. © 2007, TESCCC Lyric Poetry is poetry that expresses a speaker’s thoughts and feelings. They may be rhymed or free verse, but these poems are usually short and musical.

6. Dramatic Poetry is defined as poetry that demonstrates the elements of drama. Characters can speak to each other, to themselves, or to the reader. Some type of intense conflict or emotional situation is usually being discussed. Dramatic Poetry is defined as poetry that demonstrates the elements of drama. Characters can speak to each other, to themselves, or to the reader. Some type of intense conflict or emotional situation is usually being discussed. © 2007, TESCCC

7. A sonnet is defined as lyric poem composed of fourteen lines, usually written in iambic pentameter organized in strict patterns of stanza division and rhyme.

8. © 2007, TESCCC Rhyme is the repetition of the same stressed vowel sounds and sounds that follow in two or more words. End rhyme involves the repetition of sounds in syllables at the end of line while internal rhyme involves repetition of sound within a single sound. A rhyme scheme is the pattern of end rhyme. The pattern is identified by letters of the alphabet assigned to each specific end rhyme. A refrain is the repetition, at intervals, of a line or lines. Refrains are usually found after stanzas in songs or poems.

9. © 2007, TESCCC Rhythm is the pattern of language in text. Instead of matching percussion, as with music, in poetry Rhythm refers to the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. The author uses these rhythmical patterns to emphasize certain words or ideas. Rhythm also instills a musical quality into poetry. Poetry can either possess a regular, predictable pattern of rhythm or have no regular patter at all.

10. © 2007, TESCCC A figure of speech is a statement which is not meant to be taken literally (“It’s a figure of speech”), but which reveals some truth at a deeper or symbolic level. Similes, metaphors, hyperboles, and personification are all considered to be figures of speech which enhance the writer’s work and bring the poetry to life.

11. © 2007, TESCCC A metaphor is an implied comparison of two or more things without using the words like or as. An extended metaphor continues the implied comparison throughout a paragraph, stanza or an entire literary work. Similes use like or as.

12. © 2007, TESCCC Personification is a figure of speech in which human qualities are given to inanimate objects, animals, or ideas.

13. © 2007, TESCCC A hyperbole is another figure of speech that uses exaggeration to make a point, to stress an emotion, or to create humor.

14. © 2007, TESCCC Sound devices refer to methods used by an author to emphasize specific sounds in poetry. This is where the author works with the actual sounds of language—making the poem pleasing or harsh to the ear. Sound devices help to create rhythmical patterns and add musical quality to the literary piece. Alliteration, assonance, consonance, and onomatopoeia are all types of sound devices.

15. © 2007, TESCCC Alliteration is considered a sound device used in poetry. It is usually defined as the repetition of sounds at the beginnings of words.

16. © 2007, TESCCC Consonance is also defined as a sound device. However, consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds before or after different vowel sounds—that is, in the middle or end of the word. Thus, the vowels do not rhyme, but the repetition of the consonants allows the reader to hear a similar syllable sound.

17. © 2007, TESCCC Assonance is a sound device in which similar vowel sounds are repeated within the middle or end of words.

18. © 2007, TESCCC Onomatopoeia is defined as the use of words to mimic sounds associated with the subject of a line of poetry. Words like “Pow” are obvious – but other everyday words like crash, whisk, and bark are also based on onomatopoeia. Can you think of three other common words?