1. Chapter 5:
Drugs

2. Introduction:
A drug can be defined as a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other higher order animals.
75% of all evidence evaluated in the crime lab is related to drugs.

3. Drug Laws The Controlled Substances Act was enacted in 1970.
This law establishes five schedules of classification for drugs.
These schedules are based on the drug’s potential for abuse, potential for addiction, medical value and International Treaties.

4. Controlled Substances Act
Schedule I—high potential for abuse; no currently acceptable medical use in the US; a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision
Schedule II—high potential for abuse; a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence
Schedule III—lower potential for abuse than the drugs in I or II; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence
Schedule IV—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in III; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in III
Schedule V—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in IV

5. Controlled Substances Act
Examples of drugs in each schedule are:
Schedule I - Heroin, LSD, Marijuana, Ecstasy and Methaqualone
Schedule II – Cocaine, Methadone, Ritalin and Barbituates
Schedule III – Codeine and anabolic steroids
Schedule IV – Valium, Librium and Diazepam
Schedule V – Codeine in cough syrup and over the counter drugs

6. Drug Categories Drugs can be separated into four main categories:
Narcotics
Hallucinogens
Depressants
Stimulants

7. Narcotics
Narcotic is derived from the Greek word narkotikos which means numbness or deadening.
Narcotics bring relief from pain and induce sleep.

8. Narcotic Drugs
they relieve pain by a depressing action on the central nervous system - analgesics
effects blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rate.
regular use leads to physical dependence.
most common source is opium, extracted from poppies

9. Narcotics Opiates
These drugs are produced from opium, which is a gummy, milky juice exuded through a cut made in the unripe pod of the poppy plant.

10. Narcotic Opiates The most commonly used narcotic is heroin.
Heroin is water soluble and easily street prepared. Today, street heroin is approximately 35% pure.
Heroin is injected under the skin.
The heroin “high” is accompanied by drowsiness and a feeling of well-being. This lasts for 3-4 hours.
Regular use leads to physical dependence.

11. Narcotics Morphine- made directly
from opium
Heroin- (diacetyl morphine) comes directly from morphine
Codeine- present in opium but
is usually prepared synthetically
from morphine and used as a
cough suppressant.

12. Synthetic Opiates OxyContin (active ingredient oxycodone) Methadone
not derived from opium or morphine
some of same physiological effects as opium narcotics.
prescribed to a million patients for treatment of chronic pain.
Methadone
another well-known synthetic opiate.
pharmacologically related to heroin
appears to eliminate the addict’s desire for heroin while producing minimal side effects.

13. Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers
Analgesics are pain relievers. Examples of over the counter analgesics include aspirin, acetaminophen and ibuprofen.
These are non-narcotic pain relievers.

14. Hallucinogens LSD Mescaline PCP Marijuana
Hallucinogens are drugs that cause marked alternation in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods.
The most commonly used hallucinogens are:
LSD
Mescaline
PCP
Marijuana

15. Hallucinogens Mescaline – derived from a small, spineless cactus
Used in religious rites
by Native Americans
Hallucinations of death
or other painful
experiences are common

16. Hallucinogens Marijuana- this drug is made from the hemp
plant Cannabis sativa.
When the leaves, flower, stem, and seed are crushed, the plant secretes a sticky substance called hashish. This contains the hallucinogenic chemical tetrahydrocannabinol or
THC.

17. Hallucinogens marijuana is the most well-known and controversial
cause marked changes in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods.
derived from the plant Cannabis
chemical substance responsible for the hallucinogenic properties is known as tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC.

18. Hallucinogens
Marijuana is typically smoked, but may be ingested when baked in brownies or cookies.
Marijuana is the most widely abused illegal drug in the United States.
Currently, medicinal marijuana use is legal in 22 states and Washington D.C.
Recreational marijuana is legal in 4 states and Washington D.C.
Recent research suggests that marijuana is not physically dependent, but heavy users do form psychological dependence.

19. Marijuana decreasing in the following sequence: resin, flowers, leaves
THC content of Cannabis varies in different parts of the plant
decreasing in the following sequence: resin, flowers, leaves
little THC in the stem, roots or seeds.
THC-rich resin is known as hashish - liquid most potent form
Psychological dependency possible but not physically addictive

20. Marijuana Physical effects:
Medical uses:
Physical effects:
Reduction of eye pressure in glaucoma patients
increased heart rate
dry mouth,
reddened eyes
Lessen nausea associate with anticancer drugs
impaired motor skills and concentration
frequent hunger
Muscle relaxant
increased desire for sweets
Reduces seizures

21. Hallucinogens LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
Derived from ergot, which is a
type of fungus that attacks
certain grasses and grains.
LSD acts on part of the brain responsible for sensory reception and causes hallucinations.
It is usually absorbed onto blotter paper and sold in dosage units.

22. Other Hallucinogens Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD
can cause hallucinations that can last for 12 hours
users prone to flashbacks and psychotic reactions

23. Other Hallucinogens Phencyclidine, or PCP
was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic
is often smoked, ingested, sniffed
often mixed with other drugs, such as LSD, or amphetamine
is sold as a powder (“angel dust”), capsule, or tablet.
first leads to feelings of strength and invulnerability, which may turn to confusion, agitation, depression, tendencies toward violence, and suicide.

24. Depressants
substances used to depress or slow the functions of the central nervous system.
calm irritability and anxiety and may induce sleep.
include
alcohol (ethanol),
barbiturates,
sedatives
tranquilizers,
various substances that can be sniffed, such as airplane glue, model cement, or aerosol gas propellants such as Freon.

25. Alcohol Barbiturates Depressants “downers”
ethyl alcohol – product of grain fermentation
Most widely used drug in U.S.
enters the body’s bloodstream and quickly travels to the brain
suppresses the brain’s control of thought processes and muscle coordination
Inhibits judgment, memory, and concentration
Depressants
Alcohol
Barbiturates
“downers”
are normally taken orally
create a feeling of well-being, relax the body, and produce sleep
Suppress central nervous system
25 used for medical purposes - Phenobarbital one of most common b/c it is slowly absorbed by the body
Quaalude, or “ludes” appeared in 70’s

26. Depressants Methaqualone- (Quaaludes) a
non-barbiturate depressant, is an
extremely powerful sedative
and muscle relaxer.
Barbiturates are considered safe when taken in prescribed amounts. Physical dependence may develop with prolonged usage.

27. Sniffing Tranquilizers Depressants
unlike barbiturates produce a relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking faculties or inducing sleep
antianxiety drugs such as Valium
Sniffing
immediate effects such as exhilaration & euphoria, slurred speech, impaired judgment and double vision
may cause liver, heart, and brain damage, or even death

28. Depressants Antipsychotics and Antianxiety -
These generally produce a relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking facilities or the inducement of sleep.
These drugs can cause psychological and physical dependencies with repeated high levels of usage. Some examples include Miltown, Librium, Xanex and Valium.
The use of antianxiety drugs has grown dramatically in the past 35 years.

29. Stimulants Amphetamines sometimes known as “uppers” or “speed,”
often injected intravenously
cause an initial “rush,” followed by an intense feeling of pleasure.
followed by a period of exhaustion and a prolonged period of depression and loss of appetite

30. Ingredients of Methamphetamines

31. Stimulants Cocaine free-base form is known as crack
is cocaine mixed with baking soda and water, then heated
often smoked in glass pipes, and like cocaine stimulates the brain’s pleasure center.
extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylin coca
causes increased alertness and vigor, accompanied by the suppression of hunger, fatigue, and boredom

32. Stimulants used to treat ADD

33. Cocaine functions as a stimulant, by blocking the normal recycling process of dopamine. This buildup of dopamine contributes to the pleasurable effects of cocaine.

34. Stimulants
In the United States, cocaine abuse is on the rise. Many people are using cocaine to stay awake and improve their ability at work.
The United States spends millions of dollars trying to control the flow of cocaine into the United States. 75% of smuggled cocaine comes from Columbia.

35. Club Drugs
synthetic drugs that are used at nightclubs, bars, and raves (all-night dance parties)
Include, but are not limited to,
MDMA (Ecstasy),
GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate),
Rohypnol (“Roofies”),
ketamine, and methamphetamine.
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, (MDMA or Ecstasy)
is a synthetic mind-altering drug that exhibits many hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like effects.
enhances self-awareness and decreases inhibitions,
seizures, muscle breakdown, stroke, kidney failure, and cardiovascular system failure often accompany chronic abuse.

36. Club Drugs
Ecstasy
It drains the brain of serotonin, allowing users at raves to dance until exhaustion.
Though ecstasy causes dehydration, drinking too much can cause the brain to swell.
Ecstasy causes permanent chemical changes to the brain, and damage to the liver, kidney, vision and heart.
It can induce panic attacks, memory loss, mood swings and paranoia.

37. Slide 1: Introduction—Long-term Effects of Ecstasy
An effective way of starting a presentation is to present something interesting or provocative. This first slide shows sections taken from the neocortex of monkeys that were given Ecstasy twice a day for 4 days (control monkeys were given saline). The section on the left, taken from the brain of a control monkey, shows the presence of a lot of serotonin. The middle section shows a section from a monkey two weeks after receiving Ecstasy. Point out that most of the serotonin is gone. The section on the right shows a section from a monkey 7 years after receiving Ecstasy. Point out that although there has been some recovery of serotonin, the brain still has not returned to normal. Indicate that you will discuss this in your talk in more detail. Introduce the purpose of your presentation. Indicate that you will explain how Ecstasy interacts with specific targets in the brain and what can happen after repeated or long-term use. Tell the students that you will review how neurons communicate with each other and how Ecstasy alters this communication, resulting in changes in mood, behavior, and memory.
Image courtesy of Dr. GA Ricaurte, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

38. Club Drugs GHB and Rohypnol Ketamine
central nervous system depressants
often connected with drug facilitated sexual assault, rape, and robbery
Ketamine
primarily used as a veterinary animal anesthetic
in humans causes euphoria and hallucinations.
causes impaired motor functions, high blood pressure, amnesia, and mild respiratory depression.

39. Anabolic Steroids synthetic compounds
chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone.
often abused by individuals who are interested in accelerating muscle growth.
Side effects include:
unpredictable effects on mood and personality
depression
diminished sex drive
halting bone growth
liver cancer.

41. Drug-Control Laws Controlled Substances Act U.S. federal law
a legal drug-classification system created to prevent and control drug abuse.
establishes five schedules of classification for controlled dangerous substances
based on a drug’s
potential for abuse
potential for physical and psychological dependence
medical value

42. Schedules of Classification
Schedule I drugs
high potential for abuse
no currently accepted medical use
heroin, marijuana, methaqualone, and LSD.
Schedule II drugs
have medical use with severe restrictions
cocaine, PCP, and most amphetamine and barbiturate prescriptions.
Schedule III drugs
less potential for abuse
currently accepted medical use
all barbiturate prescriptions not covered under Schedule II, such as codeine and anabolic steroids

43. Schedules of Classification
Schedule IV drugs
low potential for abuse
a current medical use
darvon, Phenobarbital, and some tranquilizers such as diazepam (valium) and chlordiazepoxide (librium).
Schedule V drugs
must show low abuse potential
have medical use
opiate drug mixtures that contain nonnarcotic medicinal ingredients

44. Drug Testing Activity
Test each of the simulated urine samples in your basket for the presence of drug using the following procedure:
Place two drops of urine in a spot on the plate
Add one drop of Human Antibody to each spot
Add one drop of enzyme to each spot
Stir each sample with a different toothpick
Wait one minute and record your results in you notes
Check with the table next to you to get the results of the other 4 samples

45. Analyzing your results:
Answer the following questions in your notes:
Which urine samples were positive for drugs?
How did you know they were positive for drugs?
Would you consider this a presumptive or confirmatory test? EXPLAIN your answer.

46. Drug Identification
At a crime scene any item suspected to be a drug has to be submitted to the lab for analysis.
However, at the scene, the investigator will make a tentative identification and complete a presumptive test.
At the lab, the chemist will complete confirmatory tests.

47. 2 Phases of Drug Identification Phase 1
Screening test or Preliminary Analysis
nonspecific and preliminary in nature to reduce the possibilities to a manageable number
series of color tests that will produce characteristic colors for the more commonly encountered illicit drugs.
Microcrystalline tests can also be used to identify specific drug substances by studying the size and shape of crystals formed when the drug is mixed with specific reagents.

48. concentrated sulfuric acid Heroin, morphine and most
Type of Test
Chemicals
What the Results Mean
Marquis Color
Formaldehyde and
concentrated sulfuric acid
Heroin, morphine and most
opium-based drugs will turn the solution purple.
Amphetamines will turn it
orange-brown.
Cobalt thiocyanate
Cobalt thiocyanate,
distilled water, glycerin, hydrochloric acid, chloroform
Cocaine will turn the
liquid blue.
Dillie-Koppanyi
Cobalt acetate and
isopropylamine
Barbiturates will turn the
solution violet-blue.
VanUrk
P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, hydrochloric acid,
ethyl alcohol
LSD will turn the solution blue-purple.
Duquenois-Levine Test
Vanillin, acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol, chloroform
Marijuana will turn the
solution purple.

49. 2 Phases of Drug Identification Phase 2
Confirmation test or confirmational determination
single test that specifically identifies a substance
Forensic chemists will employ a specific test to identify a drug substance to the exclusion of all other known chemical substances.
Typically infrared spectrophotometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to specifically identify a drug substance.

50. Qualitative VS Quantitative
Another consideration in selecting an analytical technique is the need for either a qualitative or a quantitative determination.
Qualitative relates just to the identity of the material
Quantitative requires the determination of the percent composition of the components of a mixture.

51. Chromatography
is a means of separating and tentatively identifying the components of a mixture.
Those materials that have a preference for the moving phase will slowly pull ahead and separate from those substances that prefer to remain in the stationary phase.

53. Chromatography
The distance a spot travels up a thin-layer plate can be assigned a numerical value known as the Rf value.

54. The written record of this separation is called a chromatogram.

55. Spectrophotometry
Just as a substance can absorb visible light to produce color, many of the invisible radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum are likewise absorbed.
Spectrophotometry, an important analytical tool, measures the quantity of radiation that a particular material absorbs as a function of wavelength and frequency.

56. Mass Spectrometry
a beam of high-energy electrons collide with a material, producing positively charged ions.
The fragments of these positive ions are separated according to their masses.
The unique feature of mass spectrometry is that under carefully controlled conditions, no two substances produce the same fragmentation pattern. (somewhat like a “fingerprint”, of the substance being examined)

58. Mass Spectrometry

59. Collection and Preservation
The field investigator has the responsibility of ensuring that the evidence is properly packaged and labeled for the laboratory.
Generally common sense is the best guide, keeping in mind that the package must prevent the loss of the contents and/or cross-contamination.
Often the original container in which the drug was seized will suffice.
All packages must be marked with information that is sufficient to ensure identification by the officer in the future and establish the chain of custody.