1. Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation This unit encompasses 6-8% of the AP Exam you will ace next May…that means 6-8 questions will be on this topic. Therefore, we can only spend 7% of our time on it (that’s 3 days for A and 3 days for B!). This is a fascinating and fun unit. Really self- analyze everything as you read and discuss this unit. Try to figure out WHAT motivates YOU! Measure happiness and then start “Happiness Journal,” p.395

2. Unit Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Sexual Motivation The Need to Belong

3. Introduction Motivation –A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior –There are several theories on WHAT motivates us…

4. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instinct theory ( now replaced by the evolutionary perspective) focusses on genetically predisposed behaviors.Instinct –Throughout a species and not learned –Fixed pattern, –Instincts in animals Examples? –Instincts in humans Examples?

5. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory: focusses on how inner pushes and external pulls interact.Drive-reduction theory –Homeostasis is…?Homeostasis –Need –Drive –Drive reduction Incentive –Positive and negative

6. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory –HomeostasisHomeostasis –Need –Drive –Drive reduction Incentive –Positive and negative

7. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory –HomeostasisHomeostasis –Need –Drive –Drive reduction Incentive –Positive and negative

8. Another theory…after this activity! Puzzle Activity (5 minutes!)

9. Optimum Arousal Arousal Arousal theory focusses on finding the right level of arousal…aka: –Optimum level of arousal

10. A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needshierarchy of needs –Variations in the hierarchy

11. A Hierarchy of Motives

18. Activity: Meaning of Life End Notes Day 1 Crash Course Partial Review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hdSLiHaJz8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hdSLiHaJz8

19. Hunger “…does something to you that’s hard to describe.” ~D. Mandel

20. The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach –Washburn and Cannon study What did they find? P.333 Do we feel hungry even without a stomach?

21. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose –The pancreas produces insulin which lowers glucose –Brain triggers: hunger via… Hypothalamus –Lateral Hypothalamus Large Hunger Produces hunger inducing hormone: orexin If stimulated, you eat! –VetroMedial Hypothalamus Very Minute (or minimal) Hunger If stimulated, you feel satiated- not hungry.

22. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones –Ghrelin Secreted by stomach; tells brain you’re hungry –Obestatin Secreted by stomach; tells brain that you’re full –PYY Digestive tract hormone; tells brain you’re not hungry –Leptin Secreted by fat cells; increases metabolism, decreases hunger Set point –Weight our bodies try to maintain (compare to “settling point” on p.335) Basal metabolic rate –Rate we burn energy while at rest

23. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Taste preferences –Genetic: sweet and salty –Neophobia (dislike for the unfamiliar) –Adaptive taste preferences Camels’ eyes, horse, rat and dog meat…vegan…curry…

24. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Finish Crash Course Review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hdSLiHaJz8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hdSLiHaJz8

25. The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders Eating disorders –Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa –Bulimia nervosaBulimia nervosa –Binge-eating disorderBinge-eating disorder Cultural influence

26. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

30. Activity: Motivations to Eat &/or Dieting Beliefs??

31. Obesity and Weight Control Historical explanations for obesity –Think evolution and survival Obesity –Definition BMI >30 –Statistics p.340 –Obesity and life expectancy…declines with extreme high or low BMI

32. Obesity

34. Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity Social effects of obesity Weight discrimination –Studies show its > gender or race discrimination Physiology of obesity – -Causes and – maintenance…

35. Weight Discrimination

37. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Fat Cells

38. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism

39. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity The genetic factor The food and activity factor –Sleep loss –Social influence –Food consumption and activity level

40. Obesity and Weight Control Losing Weight Realistic and moderate goals Success stories Attitudinal changes

41. Obesity and Weight Control Losing Weight Activity: Assessing your body image End notes Day 2 Crash Course Review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMVyZ6Ax-74 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMVyZ6Ax-74

42. Sexual Motivation

43. The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle Sexual response cycle p.349Sexual response cycle –Studied by Masters and Johnson found that both genders experience the following phases: Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution Refractory period –All of these phases aid in the facilitation of conception (article and TEDTalks)

44. The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones –Development of sexual characteristics –Activate sexual behavior Estrogen Testosterone

45. The Psychology of Sex External stimuli –Studies on men vs women show? Both respond to explicit material but male amygdala are more activated. –Adverse effects of sexually explicit material Depicted coercion increases acceptance of false beliefs

46. The Psychology of Sex Imagined stimuli –“The brain is our most significant sex organ.” –Dreams, both men and women Differences –Men tend to fantasize more frequently, physically and less romantically –More active typically = more fantasy –The great porn experiment (16 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSF82AwSDiU ) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSF82AwSDiU

47. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

50. Let’s talk. Sexual footprints are laid out by –Media –Family –Houses of worship –School –Friends If these paths go where we want to go. Sexual footprints may lead us to places we don’t want to go… Each of us needs to actively create a path which will lead to where we actually want to go. * Clarification: internet porn 4-30% of searches ( http://www.forbes.com/sites/julieruvolo/2011/0 9/07/how-much-of-the-internet-is-actually-for- porn/http://www.forbes.com/sites/julieruvolo/2011/0 9/07/how-much-of-the-internet-is-actually-for- porn/ )

51. There’s no one right path. There are lots of ways to create paths to healthy sexuality. Think about what’s right for YOU! Think about the footprints you have already laid down for you. Where are they headed? Is that where you want to go?

52. Is our society sexually healthy? Healthy sexuality needs assistance… Psychologically speaking, is the way we view sexuality important? Does our society treat sexuality as something embarrassing? Scary? Dirty? Bad?

53. Your thoughts on Al Vernacchio? Boy/Girl friend VS Sweetheart Healthy decisions about sex are deliberate? Baseball vs Pizza? The myth of spontaneous sex (Mr V’s underwear test)? Misconceptions from media? Seniors’ advice? F i g u r e o u t w h o y o u a r e b e f o r e s h a r i n g ( E ) D o n ’ t u s e s e x t o b e c o o l o r c l i m b t h e s o c i a l l a d d e r E v e r y o n e i s t r y i n g t o f i g u r e o u t t h e i r s e x u a l i t y ( J ) ( T ’ s f r i e n d ) C o n s e n t i s s e x y a n d a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y C o m m u n i c a t i o n i s a w e s o m e - s o i s l i s t e n i n g ( N ) I f y o u h a v e A N Y T H I N G h o l d i n g y o u b a c k, D O N ’ T D O I T. I t ’ s o k t o b e w h o Y O U a r e.

54. Your thoughts on Al Vernacchio? Figure out who you are before sharing (E v N and D) Don’t use sex to be cool or climb the social ladder Everyone is trying to figure out their sexuality (J v Tr’s friend v Leelah) Consent is sexy and absolutely necessary Communication is awesome- so is listening- the more you talk to people…(Parents, N and students) If you have ANYTHING holding you back, DON’T DO IT. It’s ok to be who YOU are.

55. Adolescent Sexuality: Is it a problem? http://everydayfeminism.com/2015/01/teen-sex/ http://everydayfeminism.com/2015/01/teen-sex/ Evolutionarily speaking, when have we been programmed as a species to begin sexual activity? Culturally speaking, when are we supposed to become sexually active? –Is it the same for all genders? –If a boy is sexually active in high school what does it say about him? –Is it the same for girls? –Nigeria confusion

56. Adolescent Sexuality: Teen Pregnancy Ignorance Minimal communication about birth control –Great article on the decrease in teen pregnancies in Colorado: http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/10/health/colorado-teen-pregnancy/index.html Guilt related to sexual activity (LOTS of research and lectures!!) Alcohol use Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity (eg: Dirty Dancing)

57. Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections Statistics of STIs –http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/age/youth/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/age/youth/index.html –http://www.cdc.gov/search.do?q=teen+sti+statistics&oe=UTF-8&ie=UTF-8&ulang=&sort=date%3AD%3AL%3Ad1&entqrm=0&wc=200&wc_mc=1&ud=1&site=default_collectionhttp://www.cdc.gov/search.do?q=teen+sti+statistics&oe=UTF-8&ie=UTF-8&ulang=&sort=date%3AD%3AL%3Ad1&entqrm=0&wc=200&wc_mc=1&ud=1&site=default_collection Studies show that teen abstinence is correlated to the following: –High intelligence –Religious engagement –Father presence –Participation in service learning programs –xxx

58. Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation –Homosexual orientation –Heterosexual orientation –Bisexual orientation (article about myths) Sexual orientation statistics –P354 (Read p3 p355 to 356) Origins of sexual orientation studies –Fraternal birth order effect Same-sex attraction in animals Bottom line: “If there are environmental factors that influence sexual orientation, they are not known yet.”

59. Sexual Orientation The brain and sexual orientation –Cell cluster reliably larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men Genes and sexual orientation –Twin studies and fruit flies! Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation Sheep studies Read more about the following on Sexual Orientation on p.357

60. The Need to Belong

61. The Need to Belong Remember: “Ubuntu.” (D.Tutu, “My humanity is caught up, is inextricably bound up, in yours.”) Aiding survival Wanting to belong Sustaining relationships The pain of ostracism

62. ACTIVITY: LABS & Negative Evaluation Scale…. if time!! End notes Day 3 Crash Course Review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qymp_VaFo9M https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qymp_VaFo9M Aiding survival Wanting to belong Sustaining relationships The pain of ostracism –ostracism