1. Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

2. Unit Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Sexual Motivation
The Need to Belong
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3. Introduction
Motivation

4. Motivational Concepts

5. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology
Instinct (fixed pattern)
Instincts in animals
Instincts in humans

6. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

7. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

8. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

9. Drives and Incentives
Incentive
Positive and negative

10. Optimum Arousal
Arousal
Optimum level of arousal

11. A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Variations in the hierarchy

12. A Hierarchy of Motives

13. A Hierarchy of Motives

14. A Hierarchy of Motives

15. A Hierarchy of Motives

16. A Hierarchy of Motives

17. A Hierarchy of Motives

18. A Hierarchy of Motives

19. Hunger

20. The Physiology of Hunger
Contractions of the stomach
Washburn study

21. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Glucose
Insulin
Hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus
orexin
Vetromedial hypothalamus

22. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Appetite hormones
Ghrelin
Obestatin
PYY
Leptin
Set point
Basal metabolic rate

23. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
Genetic: sweet and salty
Neophobia
Adaptive taste preferences

24. The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating disorder

25. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

26. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

27. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

28. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

29. Obesity and Weight Control
Historical explanations for obesity
Obesity
Definition
Statistics
Obesity and life expectancy

30. Obesity

31. Obesity

32. Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity
Weight discrimination
Psychological effects of obesity

33. Weight Discrimination

34. Weight Discrimination

35. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Fat Cells

36. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Set point and metabolism

37. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
The genetic factor
The food and activity factor
Sleep loss
Social influence
Food consumption and activity level

38. Obesity and Weight Control Losing Weight
Realistic and moderate goals
Success stories
Attitudinal changes

39. Sexual Motivation

40. The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle
Excitement phase
Plateau phase
Orgasm
Resolution phase
Refractory period

41. The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Effects of hormones
Development of sexual characteristics
Activate sexual behavior
Estrogen
Testosterone

42. The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Dreams
Sexual fantasies

43. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

44. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

45. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

46. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

47. Adolescent Sexuality Teen Pregnancy
Ignorance
Minimal communication about birth control
Guilt related to sexual activity
Alcohol use
Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

48. Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections
Statistics of STIs
Teen abstinence
High intelligence
Religious engagement
Father presence
Participation in service learning programs
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49. Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation Sexual orientation statistics
Homosexual orientation
Heterosexual orientation
Sexual orientation statistics

50. The Need to Belong

51. The Need to Belong Aiding survival Wanting to belong
Sustaining relationships
The pain of ostracism
ostracism

52. The End

53. Teacher Information Types of Files Animation
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54. Teacher Information
Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple).
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For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.

55. Teacher Information Continuity slides
Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022

56. Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
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57. Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
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58. Definition Slide
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59. Definition Slides

60. Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

61. Instinct
= a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

62. Drive-reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

63. Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

64. Incentive
= a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

65. Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

66. Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

67. Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

68. Basal Metabolic Rate
= the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

69. Anorexia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

70. Bulimia Nervosa
= an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

71. Binge-eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

72. Sexual Response Cycle
= the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

73. Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

74. Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

75. Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

76. Sexual Orientation
= an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).