1. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources A nonrenewable resource cannot be replaced in a reasonable amount of time. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are nonrenewable energy resources. Nuclear energy is also nonrenewable. A renewable resource can be replaced in a reasonable amount of time. Renewable energy resources include: Wind energy Solar energy (energy from the sun) Energy from moving water Geothermal energy (energy from the heat inside Earth) Biofuels (fuels from living materials) QOD: Compare Make a T chart to list and compare nonrenewable and renewable resources.

2. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Nonrenewable resources Coal – a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon and hydrocarbons. It is the most abundant fossil fuel produced in the United States. Oil – a fuel found underground in sedimentary rock. It is very valuable because it can be made into many useful things, like petrol and plastics. Oil is also burned to generate electricity - although not in the same quantities as other fossil fuels. Natural Gas – The main ingredient in natural gas is methane, a gas (or compound) composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Millions of years ago, the remains of plants and animals (diatoms) decayed and built up in thick layers. Nuclear Energy – Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. The fuel most widely used by nuclear plants for nuclear fission is uranium. Uranium is nonrenewable, though it is a common metal found in rocks all over the world.

3. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Coal Coal is a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to create. The energy in coal comes from the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago, when the Earth was partly covered with swampy forests. For millions of years, a layer of dead plants at the bottom of the swamps was covered by layers of water and dirt, trapping the energy of the dead plants. The heat and pressure from the top layers helped the plant remains turn into what we today call coal.

4. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Oil Oil is another nonrenewable resource that was formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms) that lived millions of years ago in a marine (water) environment before the dinosaurs. Over millions of years, the remains of these animals and plants were covered by layers of sand and silt. Heat and pressure from these layers helped the remains turn into what we today call crude oil. The word "petroleum" means "rock oil" or "oil from the earth."

5. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Where is Oil Produced? Crude oil is produced in 31 States and U.S. coastal waters. In 2010, 51% of U.S. crude oil production came from five States: Texas (21%) Alaska (11%) California (10%) North Dakota (6%) Louisiana (3%) About one-third of U.S. crude oil was produced from wells located offshore in State and Federally administered waters of the Gulf of Mexico. About 100 countries produce crude oil and NGPL; the top five producing countries in 2010, and their share of total world production: Saudi Arabia (13%) Russia (12%) United States (9%) Iran (5%) China1 (5%)

6. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Natural Gas The main ingredient in natural gas is methane, a gas (or compound) composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Millions of years ago, the remains of plants and animals (diatoms) decayed and built up in thick layers. This decayed matter from plants and animals is called organic material — it was once alive. Over time, the sand and silt changed to rock, covered the organic material, and trapped it beneath the rock. Pressure and heat changed some of this organic material into coal, some into oil (petroleum), and some into natural gas — tiny bubbles of odorless gas.

7. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Nuclear Energy Nuclear plants use a certain kind of uranium, referred to as U-235. This kind of uranium is used as fuel because its atoms are easily split apart. Though uranium is quite common, about 100 times more common than silver, U-235 is relatively rare. Most U.S. uranium is mined in the Western United States. Once uranium is mined, the U-235 must be extracted and processed before it can be used as a fuel. During nuclear fission, a small particle called a neutron hits the uranium atom and splits it, releasing a great amount of energy as heat and radiation. More neutrons are also released. These neutrons go on to bombard other uranium atoms, and the process repeats itself over and over again. This is called a chain reaction.

8. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Nuclear Power Nuclear power accounted for almost 20% of the total net electricity generated in the United States in 2010. In 2010, there were 65 nuclear power plants (composed of 104 licensed nuclear reactors) throughout the United States. Most of the reactors are east of the Mississippi. Most power plants, including nuclear plants, use heat to produce electricity. They rely on steam from heated water to spin large turbines, which generate electricity. Instead of burning fossil fuels to produce the steam, nuclear plants use heat given off during fission.

9. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Energy Resources Nonrenewable - Coal - Oil (Petroleum) - Natural Gas - Nuclear Energy Renewable - Wind - Solar (Sun Energy) - Water (Hydroelectric) - Geothermal - Biomass (plants / plant waste / animal waste) Come from inside the Earth. Takes millions of years to form. Naturally recurring, replaced within a reasonable time.

10. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Renewable Energy

11. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. What is wind energy? Wind energy has been used for many years. Traditional windmills grind grain and lift water from underground. Newer wind turbines generate electricity. generator A gearbox makes the generator spin when the blades turn. The faster the generator spins, the more electricity it makes. Wind turbine blades may be as much as 60 meters long. They turn when the wind blows. (contd.)

12. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Advantages of Wind Turbines Do not cause pollution Wind supply will not run out Disadvantages of Wind Turbines Only work in places where there is enough wind Wind does not blow all the time Birds can be killed by flying into turbines 1. Evaluate Would your area be a good place for wind turbines? Why or why not?

13. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Texas uses Wind Energy Class 1Poor Class 4Good Class 6Excellent

14. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. What is solar energy? Solar energy is energy from sunlight. Solar cells use sunlight to produce electricity. Large solar cells can generate electricity for buildings. In solar power plants, mirrors focus the sun’s rays to heat water in tanks. The water boils to make steam. The steam then is used to generate electricity. A solar collector on the roof heats water. The water flows to the tank. The water heats pipes that heat the air in the house. The windows let solar energy in. This energy helps heat the house. Solar cells on the roof generate electric current. A battery stores energy for later. (contd.)

15. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Advantages of Solar Energy Supply will not run out Causes no pollution Disadvantages of Solar Energy Not available at night or on cloudy days Expensive to make systems for generating electricity Making solar cells creates wastes 2. Infer Why is it important for a house with solar panels to have a battery?

16. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Texas and Solar Energy Solar power plant in Texas Solar power plant of 50 kW in Texas, for the sale of electricity Solar photovoltaic installation connected to the grid, located on the roof of an industrial warehouse. What’s Possible  Still beginning stage

17. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. How can moving water generate energy? Moving water can turn water wheels. These wheels can power factories, saws, and other machines. Moving water can also generate electricity. Power plants that use moving water are called hydroelectric plants. As water flows through a dam, it spins parts of generators. The generators make electricity. (contd.)

18. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Advantages of Hydroelectric Power Plants No fuel needed No pollution or waste Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Power Plants Can be built only where there is moving water Need space for a lake to form behind a dam Can damage habitats for plants and animals 3. Identify Resource Identify how the energy resources hydroelectric power and wind power are similar and how they are different.

19. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Texas uses limited amounts of Hydroelectric Energy In Texas, hydropower's contribution is much smaller, accounting for only 1% (640 MWe) of the state's electrical generating capacity and less than 0.5 percent of the energy produced. The red dots in Figure 12 identify the location of the state's existing hydro facilities.

20. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. What is geothermal energy? Below Earth’s surface, very high heat melts rock to form magma. This heat is called geothermal energy. In some places, the magma is close to the surface. Here, underground water boils and forms steam. Geothermal energy can also be used to generate electricity. Steam turns generators in a power plant to produce electricity. (contd.)

21. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Advantages of Geothermal Energy Can make electricity all day and all night Supply will not run out Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy Can be used in only a few places in the world 4. Identify Resource Identify how geothermal energy resources can be used to generate electricity.

22. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Texas Potential for Geothermal Energy TEXAS GEOTHERMAL AREAS, CHARACTERS AND USES HYDROTHERMALGEOPRESSUREHOT DRY ROCK Potential Hydrothermal or Geopressure Source Texas does not possess any easily accessible field with the high temperatures required for electric power generation. It does, however, possess some low-temperature hydrothermal reserves that have seen limited use.

23. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. What are biofuels? Biofuels are fuels made from living things. Biofuels include: Wood burned for heat and light Leaves, food wastes, and animal wastes Alcohol made from corn, sugar cane, or other plants added to gasoline Methane gas made by bacteria breaking down wastes Oil from soybeans and other plants used as a fuel called biodiesel (contd.)

24. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Advantages of Biofuels Renewable resource Burning wastes reduces land pollution Disadvantages of Biofuels Takes time for new plants to grow to replace those used Growing crops for biofuels reduces land for growing food Burning biofuels can cause air pollution Some kinds are expensive 5. Identify Resource Identify three examples of biofuels as energy resources.

25. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Texas and Biomass Energy Texas is a major biomass producer with a number of very good resources. Wastes will remain the most important biomass energy resource.

26. TEKS 5.7C: Identify alternative energy resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. Resources: http://questgarden.com/116/11/6/101206202446/process.htm http://www.eia.gov/kids/index.cfm http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=coal_home-basics http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics http://www.infinitepower.org/reswind.htm http://www.infinitepower.org/index.htm