1. A SSESSMENT OF B IOMASS E NERGY P OTENTIAL IN N EW J ERSEY : A M ODEL FOR E VALUATING O PPORTUNITIES FOR B IOENERGY P RODUCTION AND I NFORMING P UBLIC P OLICY Margaret Brennan-Tonetta, Serpil Guran, David Specca, Brett Cowan, Chris Sipos, and Jacqueline Melillo New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Rutgers University, USA Ravello, Italy July 26-29, 2016

2. Background Displacing fossil fuels with low-carbon, sustainable, biomass-based energy and products has the potential to reduce harmful emissions and create opportunities for achieving a low-carbon, bioeconomy. Critical to reduce start-up risks - strategies and information for securing local feedstocks, efficient conversion technologies that are tested and verified, and policies to stimulate market demand. US DOE has stated that future growth of the U.S. bioenergy industry will depend on the cost, quality and quantity of available biomass.

3. Biomass-to-Bioenergy Supply Chain Feedstock Supply: Produce large, sustainable supplies of regionally available biomass and implement cost-effective biomass feedstock infrastructure, equipment, and systems for biomass harvesting, collection, storage, preprocessing, and transportation Bioenergy Production: Develop and deploy cost-effective, integrated biomass conversion technologies for the production of biofuels and bioproducts Bioenergy Distribution: Implement biofuels distribution infrastructure (storage, blending, transportation—both before and after blending and dispensing) Bioenergy End Use: Assess impact of bioenergy on end-users. https://www1.eere.energy.gov/bioenergy/pdfs/mypp_may_2013.pdf.

4. Bioenergy Assessment In 2007, the Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station conducted the first ever assessment of bioenergy potential for New Jersey. Updated in 2015. Includes: –Comprehensive biomass feedstock assessment – type (40), quantity and location by county –State-wide mapping of feedstock resources –Unique interactive bioenergy calculator –Conversion technology assessment –Greenhouse gas emission reduction scenarios –Policy recommendations for moving New Jersey and the region into the forefront of bioenergy innovation and utilization

5. Feedstock Type DefinitionsResources Sugar/Starch Traditional agricultural crops suitable for fermentation using 1 st generation technologies Some food processing residues are sugar and starch materials Agricultural crops (sugars/starches) Food processing residues (w/residual sugars) Lignocellu- losic Biomass Clean woody and herbaceous materials from a variety of sources Clean urban biomass collected separately from the municipal waste stream (wood from the urban forest, yard waste, used pallets) Agricultural residues Cellulosic energy crops Forest residues, mill residues Urban wood wastes Yard wastes Bio-oils Traditional edible oil crops and waste oils suitable for conversion to biodiesel Agricultural crops (beans/oils) Waste oils/fats/grease Solid Wastes Primarily lignocellulosic biomass, but that may be contaminated (e.g., C&D wood) or co- mingled with other biomass types Municipal solid waste (biomass component) Construction & Demolition (C&D) wood Food wastes Non-recycled paper Recycled materials Other Wastes Other biomass wastes that are generally separate from the solid waste stream Includes biogas and landfill gas Animal waste (farm) Wastewater treatment biogas Landfill gas Feedstock Categories

6. 6 New Jersey produces an estimated 7.40 million dry tons (MDT) of biomass annually. Individual county amounts range from 163,916 to 664,482 MDT/Yr Biogas and Landfill Gas (in Other Wastes) has been converted to dry tons.

7. Feedstock Availability Theoretical availability not an accurate representation of the biomass actually available for bioenergy generation. Affected by several factors: Lack of collection and transport infrastructure - collection and delivery systems need to be created/modified Co-mingling of biomass with other wastes. Further feedstock separation practices required for certain wastes, such as food waste and C&D wood. Requires a change in behavior and adoption of handling systems at landfills, which may be difficult to implement. Competition from existing uses. Much of New Jersey’s waste biomass is currently recycled and sold in alternative markets, which are well established and may offer higher value than energy production.

8. After screening, approximately 4.32 MDT (~58%) of New Jersey’s biomass could ultimately be available to produce energy in the form of power, heat, or transportation fuels. Total Theoretical Biomass Potential = 7.40 MDT Practically Recoverable Biomass Potential = 4.32 MDT Collection Sorting Alternative Use 2,252,233 DT 237,134 DT592,513 DT Note: This screening process is preliminary and would require considerably more analysis to reach any final conclusions. The screening analysis has been incorporated into the database, and provides flexible “scenario analysis” capabilities for the user. Is/Can the Biomass Be Collected? Is the Biomass Sortable (or is Sorting Needed)? Does the Biomass Have a Valuable Alternative Use?

9. Technology Selection - Considerations for this analysis included: Technical feasibility Compatibility with New Jersey biomass Focused on broad technology platforms with similar characteristics Market Readiness scale

11. Bioenergy Calculator The Bioenergy Calculator and interactive biomass resource database yields biopower and biofuel estimates for 2015, 2020, 2025. This database contains a number of important features: Detailed biomass resource data, by county, for more than 40 biomass resources. Energy generation data for 7 major bioenergy technologies that takes into consideration advances in energy output and efficiency over time. The database was designed to analyze the biomass resource data and technology assessment data in an interactive fashion. The database is: –Structured by county and resource type –Screening function to determine realistic feedstock availability –Contains technology performance estimates to convert biomass quantities into energy (electricity and fuel) potential.

12. 1 This total includes biogas and landfill gas quantities converted to dry tons. Major Findings 1.New Jersey produces an est.7.40 million dry tons (MDT) of biomass 1 per year. 2.Almost 74% of New Jersey’s biomass resource is produced directly by the state’s population, much of it in the form of solid waste 3.Agriculture and forestry management are also important potential sources of biomass, and account for the majority of the remaining amount. 4.Screening process developed to estimate the practically recoverable biomass. Approximately 4.32 MDT (~58%) of New Jersey’s biomass could ultimately be available to produce energy, in the form of power, heat, or fuels. 5.New Jersey’s estimated 4.32 MDT of biomass could deliver up to 692 MW of power, (~ 7% of NJ’s electricity consumption) or 250 million gallons of gasoline equivalent (~ 4.4% of transportation fuel consumed) if the appropriate technologies and infrastructure were in place.

13. Biomass is concentrated in the counties of central and northeastern New Jersey. County TotalsBiomass/Sq. mile Biomass Supply Analysis » Geographic Distribution Almost 74% of NJ’s biomass resources are produced directly by the state’s population, much of it in the form of municipal solid waste.

14. Biomass Resource Distribution Biomass Supply Analysis » Feedstock

15. NJ ENERGY CO 2 EMISSIONS – By Use * * http://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/state/state_emissions.cfm

16. NJ ENERGY CO 2 EMISSIONS – By Fuel Type * http://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/state/state_emissions.cfm

17. GHG Reduction Assessment Several scenarios developed that provide GHG-reduction potential based on selected waste and biomass feedstocks and conversion technologies. Data from the scenarios were compared with GHG emissions from fossil fuel utilization. Flared LFG Utilization for Power Generation and Transportation Fuel Production. Biogas Production from Food and Yard Waste by Anaerobic Digestion for Power and Fuel Production

18. Flared LFG Utilization for Power Generation and Transportation Fuel Production New Jersey generates 21 million standard cubic feet per year (MMSCFY) of LFG, with 11 MMSCFY utilized for power generation. Remainder of the LFG is currently flared. Two LFG-to-energy pathway scenarios developed for utilization of the flared portion of the total LFG generation. First scenario considers using flared portion for additional power generation, and second considers transportation fuel applications in compressed natural gas (CNG) form. Assumed that all current and potential LFG-generated power displaced coal-generated power - potential CO 2 emissions reduction of 515,058 tons/yr. If flared LFG is converted to CNG form, it could displace 37 million GGE/y for light duty vehicles, for total reductions of 98,595 tons CO 2 /yr.

19. Biogas Production from Food Waste via Anaerobic Digestion for Power and Fuel Production Scenario in which recoverable food waste is anaerobically digested (AD) for biogas generation. Generated biogas can be utilized either for power generation or used in compressed natural gas (CNG) form as transportation fuel. Power - food waste-to-energy scenario has potential to generate 312,075 MWh/y of low carbon electricity. If displacing coal-generated electricity, potential reduction in CO 2 emissions estimated at 175,453 tons/yr Fuel - Analysis of biogas via AD for CNG production showed that approximately 27.8 million gallons of fossil gasoline and 273,757 tons of fossil CO 2 could be displaced by recycled CO 2, with a total emissions reduction of 98,126 tons CO 2 /y.

20. Creating an effective regulatory, management and implementation infrastructure is key to the successful achievement of bioeconomy goals. 1) Institutional infrastructure 2) Regulations 3) Market-based incentives 4) Market transformation through technological innovation: A systems approach is needed to identify where the largest opportunities are, and more importantly, how various strategies and policies might impact each other.

21. Recommendations for Accelerating Penetration of Bioenergy Securing Feedstocks: Feedstock supply is the least well developed aspect of the bioenergy supply chain  Supportive, consistent policies which will create positive market signals and certainty  Scientists, engineers and other experts to improve energy crop yield  Inclusion of organic waste as feedstock  Efficient handling and preparation of feedstocks  Life Cycle Analysis to determine true environmental benefits  Reduce cost of feedstocks (low cost waste can help!)

22. Technology Development :  Supportive, consistent policies to create positive market signals and certainty  Secure feedstock supply - long term contracts eliminate/reduce risk  Scientists, engineers and other experts - integrate science & engineering teams with demonstration plant and industrial partners at an early stage.  Test-beds for scale-up, pilot testing and verification  Life Cycle Analysis to determine true environmental benefits  Funding for RD&D and investment for commercialization

23. Conclusion Many opportunities exist for developing a bioeconomy. However, a systematic approach is needed to better understand and address barriers to industry development – technological, environmental, economic, and regulatory. Market transformation can occur once the technological and infrastructure capabilities exist and can function in an economically viable and environmentally sustainable fashion.

24. Contact Information Project Director Margaret Brennan, Ph.D., Associate Director, NJAES brennan@aesop.rutgers.edu Project Co-Director Serpil Guran, Ph.D., Director Rutgers EcoComplex guran@aesop.rutgers.edu Full New Jersey Biomass Assessment Report and Bioenergy Calculator Available at: njaes.rutgers.edu/bioenergy