1. Section 1.3 Methods of Science Biologists use specific methods when conducting research.

2. Scientific Method Method scientists use to explain their observations. Investigations follow a method, but the steps are not necessarily completed in a set order. Experiments are designed around a testable question and hypothesis.

3. Scientific Method I.Problem II.Research III.Hypothesis IV.Experiment V.Results and Conclusion

4. I. Problem: Asks a question What causes Ebola? Inference: using what you already know to find out the answer to the question.

5. II. Research Observations Measuring Sampling Internet, scientific journals Organizing information

6. III. Hypothesis The possible answer to the question in the problem. Prediction: an if……, then…… statement Must be testable

7. IV. Experiment Designed to test the hypothesis. Controlled experiment Control group: used to compare results to experimental group Experimental group: contains the factor being tested. Independent variable: found only in the experimental group; it is what is being tested. Dependent variable: found in both the control and experimental groups; results from or depends on changes to the independent variable.

8. IV. Experiment Data: information obtained from lab; uses tables, graphs, charts, observations or drawings. Quantitative data: measurements of time, temperature, length, mass, area, volume, density, or other factors. Qualitative data: observations by our senses

9. V. Analysis and Conclusion Analyze what the data and observations show. Do the results support the Hypothesis? Why or why not? Inferring: conclusion based on facts May eventually lead to a theory.

10. “Otzi” The Iceman Otzi or “Frozen Fritz” was a well-preserved natural mummy. The man died about 3300 BC.

11. He was found in 1991 in a glacier in the Alps, near the border of Austria and Italy.

12. Bolzano, Italy

13. Otzi was found by two German tourists, Helmut and Erika Simon The body was at first thought to be a modern corpse, like several others which had been recently found in the region.

14. Scientific Analysis The body was extensively examined, measured, x-rayed, and dated. Tissues and gut contents were examined microscopically, as was the pollen found on his gear. At the time of his death, Otzi was a 30 - 45 year old man, approximately 160 cm (5'3") tall.

15. Analysis of pollen and dust grains and the isotopic composition of his teeth's enamel indicate that he spent his childhood near the present village of Feldthurns, north of Bolzano, but later went to live in valleys about 50 km further north.

16. Ozti’s shoes were waterproof and wide, designed for walking across the snow; they were constructed using bearskin for the soles, deer hide for top panels, and a netting made of tree bark. Soft grass went around the foot and in the shoe and functioned like warm socks.

17. Among Otzi's possessions were two types of mushrooms. One of these is known to have antibacterial properties, and was likely used for medical purposes. The other was a type of tinder fungus, which was part of a fire starting kit. The kit featured pieces of over a dozen different plants, in addition to flint and pyrite for creating sparks. Other items found with the Iceman were a copper axe, a flint knife, a quiver full of arrows with flint heads, and an unfinished yew longbow that was taller than he was.

18. Otzi had 57 tattoos, some of which were located on or near acupuncture points that coincide with the modern points that would be used to treat symptoms of diseases. He seems to have suffered from digestive parasites and osteoarthritis. Some scientists believe that these tattoos indicate an early type of acupuncture.

19. An ancient crime? DNA analysis revealed traces of blood from four other people on his gear: one from his knife, two from the same arrowhead, and a fourth from his coat. A CAT scan revealed that Otzi had what appeared to be an arrowhead lodged in one shoulder when he died, matching a small tear on his coat. The arrow shaft had been removed, apparently by a companion. He also had bruises and cuts on his hands, wrists, and chest.

20. Conclusion From such evidence, and an examination of his weapons, scientists believes that Otzi and one or two companions were hunters who engaged in a skirmish with a rival group. At some point, he may have carried (or been carried by) a companion. Weakened by blood loss, Otzi apparently put down his equipment neatly against a rock, lay down and expired.