2. LEARNING GOALS: I CAN… …understand how cancerous (malignant) tumors evolve within the body. …describe different stages in diagnosing cancer. …explain how different cancer treatments are used to reduce the growth and progression of cancerous cells.

3. CANCER I. Causes of Cancer many different things A. The most correct answer to the question: “What Causes Cancer?” is many different things there is usually some sort of malfunction in the process of mitosis that causes hyperplasia to occur. 1.For cancer to occur, there is usually some sort of malfunction in the process of mitosis that causes hyperplasia to occur. process that produces too many cells Hyperplasia – process that produces too many cells anaplasia 2.Most cells that cause cancer are often produced by a process called anaplasia. process by which undifferentiated tumor cells are produced Anaplasia – process by which undifferentiated tumor cells are produced

4. CANCER B. Some “suspects” that play a role n the development of cancer include: agents that affect genetic activity in some way that cause abnormal cell growth. 1.CARCINOGENS: agents that affect genetic activity in some way that cause abnormal cell growth. MUTAGENS – agents that change a cell’s DNA structures Age changes genetic activity over time and there are some forms of cell damage that can accumulate in DNA that leads to difficulties regulating the cell cycle. 2.AGE: Age changes genetic activity over time and there are some forms of cell damage that can accumulate in DNA that leads to difficulties regulating the cell cycle.

5. CANCER Exposure to damaging radiation or repetitive mechanical injury 3.ENVIRONMENT: Exposure to damaging radiation or repetitive mechanical injury Currently HPV (human papilloma virus) is being linked to 90% of cervical cancer cases. 4.VIRUSES: Currently HPV (human papilloma virus) is being linked to 90% of cervical cancer cases. oncogenes (a.k.a. “cancer genes”) can be inherited directly. Cancer genes do not guarantee you get cancer. They are faulty genes in repair mechanisms of the cell cycle. If something goes wrong during cell division, the cell doesn’t have a way to fix the problem and the cells grow out of control. 5.GENETIC FACTORS: oncogenes (a.k.a. “cancer genes”) can be inherited directly. Cancer genes do not guarantee you get cancer. They are faulty genes in repair mechanisms of the cell cycle. If something goes wrong during cell division, the cell doesn’t have a way to fix the problem and the cells grow out of control.

6. CANCER II. Pathogenesis of Cancer A. Typical signs that a person with a malignant tumor may observe are: hange in bowel or bladder habits C hange in bowel or bladder habits sore that doesn’t heal A sore that doesn’t heal nusual bleeding or discharge U nusual bleeding or discharge hickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere T hickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere ndigestion (difficulty swallowing) I ndigestion (difficulty swallowing) bvious change in a wart of mole O bvious change in a wart of mole agging cough or hoarseness N agging cough or hoarseness

7. CANCER detecting it early before it metastasizes. B. The most important step in treating cancer is detecting it early before it metastasizes. one looks at their body or body parts for any abnormalities. 1. Self-Examination: one looks at their body or body parts for any abnormalities. multiple methods/procedures are currently in use for making images of internal organs (p. 106-107 in text) 2. Diagnostic Imaging: multiple methods/procedures are currently in use for making images of internal organs (p. 106-107 in text) usually performed after a neoplasm has already been detected. The neoplasm is removed and examined for abnormal tissue cells 3. Biopsy: usually performed after a neoplasm has already been detected. The neoplasm is removed and examined for abnormal tissue cells Blood is screened for changes in blood chemistry or cell composition. These signs could be changes in ion concentration, enzymes, proteins, or cell numbers. Once these signs have been confirmed other diagnostic technique may be used. 4. Blood Test: Blood is screened for changes in blood chemistry or cell composition. These signs could be changes in ion concentration, enzymes, proteins, or cell numbers. Once these signs have been confirmed other diagnostic technique may be used.

8. CANCER C. The diagnosis of cancer and the type of cancer can lead a physician to make a prognosis. a statement about the probable outcome of the disease Prognosis – a statement about the probable outcome of the disease those with cancer die because the cancer spreads and effects multiple parts of the body 1.Usually without treatment those with cancer die because the cancer spreads and effects multiple parts of the body Metastasis – The cancer resulting from the spread of the primary tumor of a secondary infection, organ failure, hemorrhage, and other factors left undetermined 1.When a cancer patient dies it is usually because of a secondary infection, organ failure, hemorrhage, and other factors left undetermined a syndrome involving the loss of appetite, severe weight loss and general weakness Cachexia – a syndrome involving the loss of appetite, severe weight loss and general weakness

10. CANCER III. Treatments of Cancer removal tumors (1) some tumors are in areas surgeons can’t each without causing too much harm, (2)some tumors are too large and widespread, and (3)some cancers do not have localized tumors. A. The first step to treating cancers is the removal of tumors. This isn’t possible for all cancers because: (1) some tumors are in areas surgeons can’t each without causing too much harm, (2)some tumors are too large and widespread, and (3)some cancers do not have localized tumors.

11. CANCER B. Methods of Cancer Treatment include: can be used to diagnose, treat, or help prevent cancer depending on the case. Offers the greatest chance for a cure, especially if the cancer has not metastasized 1.Surgery: can be used to diagnose, treat, or help prevent cancer depending on the case. Offers the greatest chance for a cure, especially if the cancer has not metastasized is the use of medicines or drugs to teach cancer. Alkylating drugs damage the DNA of cancer cells, antimetabolites substitute normal building blocks of the DNA and RNA, anti-tumor antibiotics interfere with enzymes involved in DNA replication, topoisomerase inhibitors interfere with enzymes that separate DNA strands for synthesis, mitotic inhibitors interrupt the M phase of cancer growth 2.Chemotherapy: is the use of medicines or drugs to teach cancer. Alkylating drugs damage the DNA of cancer cells, antimetabolites substitute normal building blocks of the DNA and RNA, anti-tumor antibiotics interfere with enzymes involved in DNA replication, topoisomerase inhibitors interfere with enzymes that separate DNA strands for synthesis, mitotic inhibitors interrupt the M phase of cancer growth

12. SURGERY CHEMOTHERAPY

13. CANCER high-energy particles or waves destroy or damage cancer cells. 3.Radiation Therapy: high-energy particles or waves destroy or damage cancer cells. uses drugs or other substance to more precisely identify and attack cancer cells either by the enzymes the produce or the proteins on their surfaces usually while doing little damage to normal cells. 4.Targeted Therapy: uses drugs or other substance to more precisely identify and attack cancer cells either by the enzymes the produce or the proteins on their surfaces usually while doing little damage to normal cells. : increasing the temperature of cancer cells makes them more likely to be affected by radiation therapy or chemotherapy. 5.Hyperthermia: increasing the temperature of cancer cells makes them more likely to be affected by radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

14. RADIATION THERAPY HYPERTHERMIA

16. CANCER treatment that uses your body’s own immune system to help fight cancer. Active immunotherapies stimulate the body’s own immune system to fight the disease Passive immunotherapies use immune system components made in the lab. 6.Immunotherapy: treatment that uses your body’s own immune system to help fight cancer. Active immunotherapies stimulate the body’s own immune system to fight the disease Passive immunotherapies use immune system components made in the lab. hematopoietic stem cells (blood-forming cells) from a donor are transplanted when bone marrow cells in the patient are destroyed by disease. 7.Bone marrow and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant: hematopoietic stem cells (blood-forming cells) from a donor are transplanted when bone marrow cells in the patient are destroyed by disease. uses special drugs (called photosensitizing agents) that work when they are “turned on” by certain kinds of light. 8.Photodynamic Therapy: uses special drugs (called photosensitizing agents) that work when they are “turned on” by certain kinds of light.

17. IMMUNOTHEAPY PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY

18. BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT

19. CANCER lasers, which are powerful, precise beams of light, can be used instead of blades (scalpels) for very careful surgical work, including treating some cancers. 9.Laser Therapy: lasers, which are powerful, precise beams of light, can be used instead of blades (scalpels) for very careful surgical work, including treating some cancers. doctors attempt to block the production of hormones that are feeding the growth of cancer. 10.Hormone Treatment: doctors attempt to block the production of hormones that are feeding the growth of cancer. therapies that inhibit the proteins and genes of different types of cancer. 11.Molecular Targeted Therapy: therapies that inhibit the proteins and genes of different types of cancer.