1. The Transformation of the Trans- Mississippi West, 1860 – 1900 Chapter 17

2. This is a detail from a Prang lithograph of Thomas Moran's painting, "Tower Falls and Sulphur Mountain, Yellowstone," and William Henry Jackson's photograph, "Tower Falls, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming." 1875-1898. Library of Congress. Representing the West I

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 17–3

4. The railroads provided would-be "sodbusters" with transportation to get to the land that was being opened for settlement. Kansas Collection, University of Kansas Libraries Kansas emigrants

5. John M. Chivington and the Sand Creek Massacre Cheyenne and Arapaho camps attacked by local militias Tribes retaliated by attacking travelers Governor proclaimed Colorodo’s white citizens should find and kill hostile Indians Chivington- Methodist minister who controlled troops November 29 th, 1864 troops massacred peaceful Indians camped at Sand creek Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

6. Geronimo Born June 16, 1829- Died February 17, 1909 Native American leader and medicine man of the chiricahua apache tribe. Birth name is Goyaate which means “one who yawns” First married when he was 17 and had 3 children. Later a troop of mexican soldiers attacked his village and killed his family. Geronimo took revenge on the mexican soldiers and while he killed them they prayed to saint Jerome. Which is where geronimo got his name. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

7. Thrown into an open trench, the frozen bodies of the Sioux slaughtered at Wounded Knee were a grim reminder that the U.S. army would brook no opposition to its control of Indian reservations. Denver Public Library, Western History Division Wounded Knee, Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, 1890

8. Great Sioux Reserve Any Native Americans that refused to comply with the relocation of their permanent abode would be subject, as warned by Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ely S. Parker, “wholly to the control and supervision of military authorities”— treated as friendly or hostile. Nearly fifty-four thousand northern Plains Indians—mostly Sioux—signed the Fort Laramie Treaty. The Plains Indians agreed to move to reservations on the so-called Great Sioux Reserve in return for money and provisions. Sioux chief, Spotted Tail, said, “Our fathers have taught us to hunt and live on the Plains, and we are contented.” Many bands of Indians showed obstinacy by not moving or refusal to remain on the land. Many war parties of Indians raided settlements in Kansas and Colorado, and to retaliate army troops attacked Indians, even peaceful ones. Countless back-and-forth struggling between the whites and the Indians caused frustration with the federal government and the defiant Native Americans. In a winter campaign, troops killed a hundred Indians and exiled seventy-four “ringleaders”, ending the Native American independence on the southern Plains. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

9. Maps/Figs/Tables, 17–9 Map 17.1: Major Indian- White Clashes in the West

10. Sitting Bull Hunkpapa Sioux chief and holy man who lead the non- treaty Sioux “I want to have the white man with me, but not be chief.” Encamped at Little Bighorn and led Cheyanne and Sioux warriors who outnumbered and defeated Custer’s 209 men in Custer’s Last Stand Moved troops to Canada to escape Montana troops harassments, but surrendered in 1881 because of inadequate provisions Joined Buffolo Bill’s Wild West Show to earn money to provide for his people Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

11. Map 17.2: Western Indian Reservations, 1890

12. George Armstrong Custer Born December 5, 1839- Died June 25, 1876 Remembered for a disastrous military engagement known as the battle of the little bighorn. Custer was a Lieutenant colonel in the regular army during the Indian wars. Served in the civil war under Major general McClellan and Major general Alfred Pleasanton. Custer was known for his showy uniforms and courage on the battlefield. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

13. Chief Joseph Similar to the bands against Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill, Chief Joseph was forcibly transported to Oklahoma after the Battle of Little Bighorn. Chief Joseph led the Nez Percés of Oregon. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

14. Chief Dull Knife Led 150 survivors (men, women, and children) north to join the Sioux in September 1878 Army caught and imprisoned them in Fort Robinson, Nebraska Refused to cooperate when request to stay closer to traditional northern lands was denied Post commander retaliated by withholding necessities January, 1879 Dull Knife and followers shot the guards and fled for freedom, but were chased down and shot Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

15. Early photographs of the Indian leaders Chief Joseph (left) and Sitting Bull (right) captured both their pride and the frustration they felt after years of alternately negotiating and battling with the U.S. army. “I don’t want a white man over me,” Sitting Bull insisted. “I want to have the white man with me, but not to be my chief. I ask this because I want to do right by my people....” National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C./Library of Congress Chief Joseph and Sitting Bull

16. Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor Born October 18, 1830- Died August 12,1885 Born in Massachusetts and was a writer. In 1881 Helen wrote A century of dishonor, to gather civic opinion against the governments record of broken treaty obligation toward the Indians. Helen died of stomach cancer in 1885 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

17. Red Cloud (seated, second from left), with other Oglala Sioux, visited President Grant at the White House to argue for his people's right to trade at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. His clothing, unlike the traditional Native American dress of the other chiefs, reflected his desire to negotiate with whites on equal terms. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Red Cloud's Delegations, 1868

18. Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 Proposed solution to the “Indian problem” was to make extinct their culturally distinct lives and turn them into farmers and landowners. Passage of the Dawes Severalty Act emphasized that the Indians were to be treated as individuals and not members of tribes and distributed 160 acres of reservation land for farming or 320 acres for grazing to each head of an Indian family who accepted the law’s provisions. Helen Hunt Jackson brought the largest support to the bill as the “friend of the Indian”. Reformers decided the best way to protect the Indians would be to civilize them and wean them from their traditional culture. The act didn’t really take any action until the 1980s. Some thrived, others struggled to live. Alcoholism set into the new Indian culture by the prevalence of whiskey from trade and the boredom from not needing to hunt or continue other traditions. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

19. Hopi Snake Dancer This is a photograph of a Hopi snake dancer. Library of Congress.

20. Wovoka, the Ghost Dance, and Wounded Knee Wovoka: prophet popular among Great Basin Indians in Nevada Promised to return the Sioux to the Plains if they did the ghost Dance Wore “Ghost Shirts” to ward of evil and danced in circles until they entered a trance and saw visions of the future Fight broke out when James McLaughlin sent 42 Indian policemen to arrest Chief Sitting Bull because ghost dancers rallied at his house Two weeks later an Indian shot a gun from under a blanket while the Seventh Calvary was rounding up freezing Sioux at Wounded Knee Soldiers fired cannon and killed 300 Indians including 7 babies Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

21. Railroad Giant This 1879 cartoon shows Vanderbilt towering over his railroad empire. 1879. Library of Congress.

22. Union Pacific Railway Poster This railroad poster advertises the Union Pacific Railway's routes through Kansas and Nebraska to the Rockies and beyond. Library of Congress.

23. Pacific Railroad Act, 1862 An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes. 9 major routes from the Midwest to the west were built. The act provided grants of land and other subsidies to the railroads for each mile of track laid. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

24. After the last spike was driven at Promontory Point, Utah, on May 10, 1869, the locomotives of the Central Pacific (left) and Union Pacific (right) were moved forward until the pilots touched and the locomotives were christened. Union Pacific Railroad Museum Collection. 1869. Laying the Last Rail

25. This graphic shows Chicago at the center of the nation's railroad connections. Library of Congress. World's Railroad Scene, The

26. Map 17.3: Transcontinental Railroads and Federal Land Grants, 1850–1900

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 17–27 Map 17.4: The Settlement of the Trans- Mississippi West, 1860–1890

28. Homestead Act, 1862 Belief that free land would enable the poor to achieve economic independence. Offered 160 acres of land for a ten dollar registration fee, residency for five years, and cultivation and restoration of the land. Four hundred thousand families claimed land from the Homestead act however it did not function as Congress envisioned. Between 1860 and 1900, unscrupulous speculators filed falsely for the best land and railroads acquired huge landholdings. Errors with the Homestead act were corrected with the development of the Timber Culture, Desert Land, and Timber and Stone acts. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

29. Seated proudly in front of their sod house and barn, the two generations of this black family were part of the more than 56,000 blacks who had moved to Oklahoma by 1900. Denver Public Library, Western History Division An African- American Homestead Near Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory, 1889

30. Timber Culture, Desert Land, and Timber and Stone acts, 1870s Timber Culture Act (1873) to rectify drier areas: gave homesteaders an additional 160 acres if the planted trees on 40 of the acres Desert Land Act (1877) to rectify for states with little rainfall: made 640 acres available at $1.25 an acre on condition that the owner irrigate part of it within three years Timber and Stone Act (1878): permitted the purchase of up to $2.50 an acre Abused by business people Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

31. California Dream Railroad Poster This poster advertises the benefits of immigration to California. The New York Historical Society.

32. Henry Comstock and the Comstock Lode Henry Comstock was a illiterate prospector who stumbled on the rich Comstock lode along Nevada's Carson river. During the 1860’s and 1870’s Virginia city Nevada, which is where the Comstock lode was located, transformed from a shanty town into a bustling metropolis. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

33. Ned Huddleston, alias Isom Dart Outlaws and gunfighters, although small in number, created an image of the trans-Mississippi West as lawless and dangerous. Isom Dart, a member of Brown’s Park outlaw faction in Colorado and Wyoming, here poses with his six- shooters. Denver Public Library, Western History Division

34. Joseph G. McCoy and the cattle frontier Joseph G. McCoy realized a new frontier of money making. The relocation of the Plains Indians and the extended railroads gave way for enormous fortunes by raising steers cheaply in Texas and bringing them north for shipment to eastern urban markets. With his brothers, McCoy built a stockyard in Abilene, Kansas. McCoy made many innovations to expand his business and give birth to the cattle raising culture. McCoy pulled in five-dollar kickbacks for each cattle car shipped, surveyed and shortened the Chisholm Trail in Kansas, and organized the first Wild West show to attract exuberant crowds with cowboys performing their various roping and riding exhibitions. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

35. Map 17.5: The Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860–1890

36. Like other mining towns, Juneau grew rapidly and haphazardly after Kowee, a local Tlingit man, showed Joe Juneau and Richard Harris the location of gold nuggets in 1880. Between 1881 and 1944 Juneau’s mines produced 6.7 million ounces of gold. Alaska and Polar Regions Archives, Elmer E. Rasmunson Library University of Alaska Juneau, Alaska, c. 1896

37. the Oklahoma land rush and the “sooners” Oklahoma land had been reserved for Five Civilized Tribes since 1830s In 1880s land hungry farmers argued that the land should be confiscated since the tribes had sided with the Confederacy in the Civil War Congress transferred nearly 2 million acres to federally owned land in 1889 and thousands of men, women and children came to stake out homesteads “Sooners” had illegally arrived earlier than set date of April 22 nd and were already plowing land Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

38. Maps/Figs/Tables, 17–38 Map 17.6: The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889–1906

39. Frederick Jackson Turner’s “frontier thesis” Published July 12, 1893. In his thesis he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

40. Ned Buntline and William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody was a famous scout, Indian fighter, and organizer of Wild West shows. Ned Buntline, the innovating publisher, recreated the dime- novel image of the west with Cody in Buffalo Bill: King of the Border Men. The enthusiastic response to the novel prompted Cody to start his Wild West show. Extremely charismatic and showman-like, Cody’s exhibitions became immensely popular. His shows reinforced the dime-novel image of the West as an arena of moral encounter where virtue always triumphed. The surge of dime-novel activity was brought back to life and literacy even increased throughout the west. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

41. Arizona Cowboy, by Frederic Remington, 1901 In his paintings and sculptures, Remington captured the popular image of the quintessential American cowboy: a tough, fearless, expert horseman. Library of Congress

42. »Once the vast herds of bison had been decimated, resourceful entrepreneurs, such as those pictured here, collected the skulls and sold them for industrial use. In all, nearly 2 million tons of bones were processed. Detroit Public Library, Burton Historical Collection Buffalo Skulls at the Michigan Carbon Works, 1895

43. John Wesley Powell, Henry D. Washburn, George Perkins Marsh Powell: charted the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon in 1869 In Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States he said that settlers needed to change their settling patterns and change their expectations of water in dry terrains Called for public ownership and governmental control of watersheds, irrigation, and public lands Washburn: led a group of adventurers to the hot springs and geysers near the Yellowstone River in Wyoming and Montana Petitioned Congress to protect it from settlement, occupancy, and sale which is what led to the Yellowstone National Park Marsh: said nature didn’t exist to be tames or conquered in Man and Nature Plea for conservation was supported by John Muir Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

44. John Muir and the birth of the conservation movement Born April 21, 1838- Died December 24, 1914 Founded the Sierra club. And became its president. Early advocate of preservation of the wilderness. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

45. Fire Canoe at Fort Berthold, by William de la Montagne Cary Indians at Like-A- Fishhook village on the Missouri watch the arrival of a steamboat that will supply the nearby military fort. Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma

46. American Progress This 1893 painting by the American artist John Gast extols progress and shows Americans, guided by divine providence, expanding across, and bringing civilization to, the forests and prairies of the Midwest and west. The painting reflects views held by many Americans of their destiny and special role in the world. American Progress Library of Congress