1. Chapter 14, Lesson 2 Medieval Europe

2. Charlemagne  First European emperor and ruler of the Franks (France) that ruled much of Western Europe.

3. Charlemagne  In an effort to strengthen his kingdom, Charlemagne gave large areas of land to loyal nobles in exchange for an oath of loyalty to him.  The nobles were responsible to maintaining roads, bridges, and defense walls on their estates.

4. Invaders  After Charlemagne’s death, the Franks were invaded first by the Vikings.  The Vikings were fierce pirates and warriors from Scandinavia, present day Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.

5.  Over a period of 400 years, they conquered and looted (robbed) parts of England, France, Ireland, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Spain.  At first they raided these areas to steal goods. Later they set up trading posts.

6.  In the early 900s, another group of Vikings, the Normans, settled in Northern France.  There they became Christian and church leaders.

7. William the Conqueror King William I: A Norman (Viking) leader that marched into England and later took over southern Italy. Fact: William the Conqueror is Queen Elizabeth’s 25 great- grandfather.

8. King John  King of England, crowned in 1199  Kings had endless power at this time.  He demanded more military service from his people and also greater amounts of money.  He also sold royal positions to the highest bidder.  His country broke out in civil war because of his policies.

9. Magna Carta  Rather then face defeat, King John agreed to a set of promises called the Magna Carta.  The Magna Carta, or “Great Charter,” was a set of 63 clauses. Most of the Magna Carta helped all citizens, but it’s major contribution was that it limited the power of the king or queen.

10. Doomsday Book  Helped keep track of the people in England during the Middle Ages.  It also helped Charlemagne set up a tax system.

11. Middle Ages  A period of time in European History between A.D. 500-1500 B.C.

12. Lesson 3  Life in the Middle Ages

13. monk  Men who devoted their lives to religion.

14. nun  Women that devoted their lives to religion.

15. monastery  A place where monks studied, prayed, and lived in communities.

16. convent  A place where nuns study, live and pray.

17. missionary  People that helped to teach a religion to people with different beliefs.

18. monarch  A king or queen who was a supreme ruler.

19. serf  People that lived on the land and farmed it.  A serf was not a slave, but he or she was tied to the land. He or she could not leave without the Lord’s permission. A serf could not move up in life.

20. knight  Warriors that were trained and prepared to fight on horseback.

21. chivalry  A code of behavior followed by the knights.  According to the code: 1. A true knight would lay down his life for the church. 2. He gave generously to all. 3. He stood against injustice. Most knights were given land by their lords.

22. guild  A group of people that are united by a common interest.  Common guilds included: bakers, goldsmiths, tailors, weavers, and merchants.  If you were not a member of the guild, you were not allowed to sell goods in that town.

23. lady  A woman of noble birth.  A lady had little control over her own life and usually her husband or father made her life choices for her.

24. feudalism  A political, social, and economic system that began in the 800s that provided protection for the people.

25. Manor system  The manor system was a way to manage feudal lands.  The manor system allowed the lords of the manor, knights, and serfs to be self- sufficient and grow everything that they needed.

26. Three-field rotation  Serfs worked the manor in a three-field system in which crops were alternated between three fields. Two were planted during the year and one remained unplanted to remain fertile.

27. Chapter 14, Lesson 4 Crusades, Trade and Plague

28. The Crusades  The Crusades was a war that was fought between Christians and Muslims that included 8 major military battles.  Palestine was taken over by the Turks and Christians considered Palestine to be their Holy Land.

29. Purpose of the Crusades…  The purpose of the Crusades was to free Palestine from Muslim control.

30. Who were the Crusaders?  Kings  Nobles  Knights  Peasants  Townspeople

31. Alexius Comnenus  A Byzantine Emperor that asked the Pope to fight in the Crusades.

32. Urban II  A Roman Pope that worked with Alexius Comnenus to free Palestine from Muslim control.

33. Silk Road  A 4,000 mile trading route that connected Europe to the lands of the former Roman Empire with China.

34. Marco Polo  (1254-1324)  was an Italian voyager and merchant who was one of the first Europeans to travel across Asia through China.

35. epidemic  A rapid spread of a disease over a wide area.

36. plague  Plague - A very aggressive epidemic.  The plague that hit Europe during this time was the Bubonic Plague.  The Bubonic Plague was spread when fleas infest rodents, usually rats, and then move to humans.  The fleas transfer the bacteria from the rat, through a bite, to the human. The rat and the human would die, while the flea would live.

37. Bubonic Plague…  No one at that time knew how the plague was spread.  Some historians believe that the bubonic plague may have started on Central Asia and spread west along the Silk Road.  The Bubonic plague was also called the Black Plague or Black Death.

38. Effects of the Plague  25-33% of the population was lost in Europe.  Businesses go bankrupt  Deaths cause labor shortages  Trade declines and towns disappear  Constructions and building projects stop  Food supply decreases and people starve.

39. Ring Around the Rosey Ring around a rosey, A pocket full of posey ashes, ashes We all fall down! This nursery rhyme tells of the events of the Black Plague.

40.  Each line contains dark imagery of the horrific events that were witnessed during the Great Plague of London:  “Ring around the rosey”: The first visible signs of infection of the Bubonic Plague were red rings surrounding a rosy bump which were found all over the victim’s body.Bubonic Plague  “Pocket full of posy”: A common belief at the time was that the plague was air borne on ‘foul air’. Many people would try to protect themselves from the ‘bad air’ by keeping flowers (posy’s) in their pockets. This also helped individuals deal with the smell of death that emanated from the numerous Bubonic Plague deaths.  “Ashes, ashes”: This line is in reference to “Ashes to ashes, dusk to dusk”. This refers to the mass cremations that took place due to the amount of fatalities.

41.  “We all fall down”: This quite literally represents death. The Black Plague spread rapidly throughout London taking many fatalities. The child’s game emulates falling down and dying.