1. Evidence Based Practice & Research in Nursing
University of Tabuk
Dr. Jay Qais Nantin Ablao
Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Department of Nursing
Evidence Based Practice & Research in Nursing
Level 8, Academic Year (AY) 1434—1435 H

2. What do you think of the quality of services offered in this hospital?
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3. How about in this hospital?
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4. Department of Nursing

5. Assumption

6. Assumption
Assumptions or assertions related to the problem usually drawn from the theoretical framework.
Assumed by the researcher as true, on the basis of logic or reason.
They need verification or testing

7. Theory or Research Bases Assumption
Types of Assumption
Beliefs taken as true by most people.
Universal Assumption
Basis for formulating hypotheses of the study
Serve as starting point from which the study proceeds
Study Assumption
It may come from the findings of previous research
Theory or Research Bases Assumption
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8. Theory or Research Bases Assumption
Examples
All human beings need love
Smoking is dangerous to health
Universal Assumption
Nursing care influences the recovery of the patient
Parallel play among toddlers promotes social development
Study Assumption
Attitudes and behaviors of nurses are affected by the type of disease and severity of manifestations felt by patients.
Theory or Research Bases Assumption
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9. Characteristics of Assumptions
They are universally accepted truths
They are theories applicable to a particular field of study
They refer to findings of previous related research

10. Hypothesis
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11. Provides predicted answers to research questions.
Hypotheses
Statements of researcher’s expectations regarding the relationship between and among variables.
Statements that translate a problem into precise predictions of expected outcomes.
Provides predicted answers to research questions.
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12. Guidelines in Formulating Research Hypotheses
Subject to testing through data collection and analysis.
Follows the theoretical framework of the study and are based on theories, principles and concept.
Stated in declarative form.
Tentative solutions or answers to inquiries.

13. Guidelines in Formulating Research Hypotheses
Should be formulated before the conduct of study.
The theoretical framework provides the theories and principles on which to base the hypotheses.
Relate to the problems raised in the study.

14. Purposes of Hypotheses
Unify theory and reality by evaluating theory on the basis of observable facts or reality.
Gives direction to research by determining research design, data collection procedures, analysis and interpretation of data.

15. Purposes of Hypotheses
Enhance knowledge by inducing critical thinking and deepening insights. It helps the researcher in the analysis and interpretation of findings.

16. Characteristics of Hypotheses
1. Testability – implies that variables in the study are observable, measurable and subject to analysis.
Hypotheses that are not testable:
- When variables are not observable, measurable and cannot be subjected to objective and factual testing and analysis.
- When variables do not state predicted relationship.

17. Characteristics of Hypotheses
2. If they state anticipated relationships between two or more variables.
3. If they are logical and justifiable, and consistent with an existing body of knowledge or research finings.
4. They relate directly to the research problem.

18. Characteristics of Hypotheses
5. Factually and theoretically based.
6. Set the limits of the study.
7. Stated in such a way they are either accepted or rejected.

19. Sources of Hypotheses
Problems, issues or concerns raised in the research study.
Theoretical framework, experiences, observations, replications and related literature.
Induction and deduction

20. General Induction Specific Department of Nursing
Observation patterns, trends of phenomena with a tentative explanation or prediction of a phenomena
General
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21. Deduction Department of Nursing General
Begins with general theories and principles applied to a particular situation.
Specific
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22. Types of Hypotheses Simple vs. Complex
Simple Hypotheses- state relationship between an independent and dependent relationship also known as univariate hypothesis.
ex. Tall people eat more than short people.
Complex Hypotheses- predicts relationship between two or more dependent variables and independent variables.

23. Types of Hypotheses Complex Hypotheses Examples:
(1 independent vs. 2 dependent)
Tall people tend to eat more and weigh more than short people.
(2 independent vs. 1 dependent)
Tall people and people with high caloric intake tend to weigh more than short people and people with low caloric intake

24. Types of Hypotheses
Statistical hypothesis- stated in null form that there exists no significant relationship also known as null hypothesis.
Ex. There is no significant relationship between maternal heroin addiction and birth weights of infants.

25. Types of Hypotheses 2. Directional vs. Non-directional
Directional – specifies clearly the characteristics or qualities of the variables being investigated.
- extent of relationship
- expected outcome
Ex. Infants of Heroin-Addicted mothers have lower birth weights than infants of non-heroin-addicted mothers.

26. Types of Hypotheses
Non-directional – merely predicts the type of relationship but does not predict extent of relationship.
Ex. Infants of addicted mothers have lower birth weights compared to infants of non-addicted mothers

27. Types of Hypotheses 3. Research vs. Statistical Hypotheses
Research hypothesis - also referred as substantive or declarative or alternative hypothesis.
Ex. There is significant relationship between maternal heroin addiction and birth weight of infant.

28. Advantages of the Null Hypothesis
Scientifically objective
Reflects the impartiality of the research
Minimizes research bias

29. Statement of the Hypotheses
Theoretical Form
General or literary hypothesis and explained by a known theory
Ex. Infants born to heroin addicted mothers have same birth weight as infants born to non-heroin addicted mothers
Operational Form
Known as specific or predictive hypothesis. Empirical data and statistics are required to accept or reject a hypothesis.
Ex. There is no significant relationship between the amount of nutritional intake and degree or extent of complications among pregnant women.
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30. Criteria in Writing Hypotheses:
Stated in declarative form
Identifies the variables and population
Reflects the problem statement
Empirically tested
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31. Scope and Delimitation
Researcher must be aware of and should state constraints in his study over which he/she has no control
Uncontrolled variables may affect study results but should not go beyond what the study can achieve in terms of:
Issues – past and current
Scope or coverage of areas of concern
Respondents
Time frame
Type of data such as qualitative, quantitative or combined

32. Scope and Delimitation
Delimitations sets the parameters of the study by accepting what should be included, and rejecting what should be excluded.
Specific constraints should be set by the researcher such as the ff:
a. Scope or Coverage
b. Expected Manageability of the Problem
c. Limitations of the study

33. Scope and Delimitation
Scope or Coverage – context of the study in terms of subject, concepts, specific characteristics, phenomenon, treatment sampling and time frame.
- Who, what, why, when, where and how of the study shall then be clarified.

34. Scope and Delimitation
B. Expected Manageability – Internal and external constraints that may affect validity and reliability of the study.
C. Limitations of the study – anticipated shortfalls and specific constraints such as methodology and design, population, inaccessibility of the data, statistical treatment and analysis and failure to get a representative sampling.

35. What is the type of assumption specific to one’s research study?
Universal Assumption
Study Assumption
Research or theory based Assumption
Assumption
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36. What is the type of assumption specific to one’s research study?
Universal Assumption
Study Assumption
Research or theory based Assumption
Assumption
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37. The statement “Breastfeeding is best for babies” is what type of assumption?
Universal Assumption
Study Assumption
Research or theory based Assumption
Assumption
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38. The statement “Breastfeeding is best for babies” is what type of assumption?
Universal Assumption
Study Assumption
Research or theory based Assumption
Assumption
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39. Inductive Deductive General Specific
Known as type of reasoning that begins with observation of patterns, trends of phenomena with a tentative explanation or prediction of a phenomena:
Inductive
Deductive
General
Specific
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40. Inductive Deductive General Specific
Known as type of reasoning that begins with observation of patterns, trends of phenomena with a tentative explanation or prediction of a phenomena?
Inductive
Deductive
General
Specific
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41. Statistical hypothesis Simple hypothesis Complex hypothesis
The statement “Positive family history and stressful life events are associated with an increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease” is what kind of hypothesis:
Research hypothesis
Statistical hypothesis
Simple hypothesis
Complex hypothesis
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42. Statistical hypothesis Simple hypothesis Complex hypothesis
The statement “Positive family history and stressful life events are associated with an increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease” is what kind of hypothesis:
Research hypothesis
Statistical hypothesis
Simple hypothesis
Complex hypothesis
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43. Scope Limitation Hypothesis Assumption
Known a statements that translate a problem into precise predictions of expected outcomes.
Scope
Limitation
Hypothesis
Assumption
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44. Scope Limitation Hypothesis Assumption
Known a statements that translate a problem into precise predictions of expected outcomes.
Scope
Limitation
Hypothesis
Assumption
Department of Nursing

45. Curriculum & Course Development Committee
References
Sherman, R. O. & Eggenberger, T. (2008). Transitioning internationally recruited nurses into clinical settings. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 39(12),
Tombaugh, J. Mayfield, C., & Durand, R. (2011). Spiritual expression at work: exploring the active voice of workplace spirituality. Retrieved from
DEPARTMENT OF NURSING
Curriculum & Course Development Committee
Department of Nursing