1. Anatomy and Physiology Horticulture 1

2. Why are plants important? Food Food Shelter Shelter Oxygen Oxygen Protection Protection Habitat Habitat Aesthetics Aesthetics

3. The four major parts of the plant are…. Leaves Leaves Stems Stems Roots Roots Flowers Flowers

4. Leaves Food factory for the plant. Food factory for the plant. The leaves are where the process called photosynthesis takes place. The leaves are where the process called photosynthesis takes place.

5. Leaves are one of the ways we can identify plants. We can use their arrangement on the stem to identify plants. We can use their arrangement on the stem to identify plants. We can use their shape or form to identify plants. We can use their shape or form to identify plants. We can also use their margins to identify the plants. We can also use their margins to identify the plants.

6. Arrangement means how the leaves are placed on the stem. Some of the different leaf arrangements include Opposite arrangement Opposite arrangement The plant shown has an opposite arrangement The plant shown has an opposite arrangement

7. Others are Alternate Alternate WhorledWhorled

8. and Palmate Palmate Ternate compound Ternate compound

9. Shape or form is just as it sounds… how are they shaped? Some forms or shapes include Oval Oval Needle Needle Cordate Cordate

10. and Linear Linear Lanceolate Lanceolate Round Round

11. The last identification aid are Margins Margins are the edges of the leaf- just remember the margins of a paper! Margins are the edges of the leaf- just remember the margins of a paper! Types of margins include: Types of margins include: Entire- smooth edges Entire- smooth edges

12. Other margins: Undulate Undulate Dentate Dentate

13. And Incised Incised Crenate Crenate

14. Parts of the leaf Parts of the leaf include these: plus Tip Tip Veins Veins Blade Blade Margins Margins Can you find where these are? Can you find where these are?

15. Inside the leaf there are: Epidermis. The function of the epidermis is to prevent the loss of too much moisture. Epidermis. The function of the epidermis is to prevent the loss of too much moisture. The guard cells. These cells are on the skin on the underside of the leaf. The guard cells open and close the stoma, or stomata. When water pressure inside the leaf increases, the guard cells open the stoma. The guard cells. These cells are on the skin on the underside of the leaf. The guard cells open and close the stoma, or stomata. When water pressure inside the leaf increases, the guard cells open the stoma. Stoma or stomata. The function of the stoma is to transpire, or give off moisture Stoma or stomata. The function of the stoma is to transpire, or give off moisture Chloroplasts. The part of the plant cell that manufactures food. In the chloroplasts is chlorophyll. This is what makes the plants leaves green. Chloroplasts. The part of the plant cell that manufactures food. In the chloroplasts is chlorophyll. This is what makes the plants leaves green.

16. Here is a cross section of a leaf Can you find the parts? What is the function of the epidermis? What is the function of the epidermis? Where are the stoma and guard cells located on the leaf? Where are the stoma and guard cells located on the leaf? What is the purpose of the chlorophyll? What is the purpose of the chlorophyll?

17. These parts are all needed for the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. This word means light making. PHOTOSYNTHESIS. This word means light making. This process requires carbon dioxide and water with light and chlorophyll, to make This process requires carbon dioxide and water with light and chlorophyll, to make sugar and oxygen. With additional energy the sugar and oxygen revert back to water and carbon dioxide. This is what the formula looks like: sugar and oxygen. With additional energy the sugar and oxygen revert back to water and carbon dioxide. This is what the formula looks like:

18. Here it is!

19. So this food Travels down the stem to be stored in the stem or the roots as sugars, starch, or proteins. As shown in formula, respiration is a result of the process of photosynthesis/. This process of respiration occurs 24 hours a day. As you can see, plants breathe in oxygen, and breathe out carbon dioxide. All parts of the plant need oxygen to grow. Water pushes all the air from the soil, and roots will suffer the most from an inadequate supply of oxygen. Do plants use all the oxygen they make?

20. Stems Stems…. What is their function? Movement of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves Movement of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves Movement of food from the leaves to the storage space, the roots Movement of food from the leaves to the storage space, the roots Support of the plant Support of the plant They are used for food storage in some plants, and in other plants as a means of propagation. They are used for food storage in some plants, and in other plants as a means of propagation. Do stems photosynthesize ??? Do stems photosynthesize ???

21. The outside of the stem has… Lenticels or breathing pores Lenticels or breathing pores Bud scales- where the terminal Bud scales- where the terminal bud once was bud once was Leaf scar- where leaves Leaf scar- where leaves once were once were

22. Inside the stem… There are 2 parts of the stem that are found on ALL plants. The XYLEM- water and minerals travel up the stem to the leaves The XYLEM- water and minerals travel up the stem to the leaves The PHLOEM- food made in the leaves travel down the stem to be stored in the roots The PHLOEM- food made in the leaves travel down the stem to be stored in the roots This is how it looks! This is how it looks!

24. Plants are classified into 2 groups Dicotyledon (dicots) and monocotyledons (monocots). Can you see the differences in the leaves? Are there other differences inside the stem? Can you see the differences in the leaves? Are there other differences inside the stem?

25. This is a cross section of a dicot stem. Dicots always have a cambium layer. Dicots can increase in width because both the xylem and phloem can add cells. Trees are examples of dicots.

26. Monocot stems are arranged in vascular bundles and have no cambium layer. Corn is and example of a monocot. These plants add vascular bundles of grow.

27. The third part of the plant is ROOTS The function of roots are to… Anchor the plant and hold its position Anchor the plant and hold its position Absorb water and minerals from the soil and conduct them to the stem Absorb water and minerals from the soil and conduct them to the stem Store nutrients Store nutrients For propagation For propagation Food- carrots, beets, and sweet potatoes Food- carrots, beets, and sweet potatoes

28. A root cap starts the new growth of the root. Behind the cap there are lots of root hairs. The root hairs absorb the water and mineral necessary for plant growth.

29. There are two different root systems Fibrous -commonly found on moncots Fibrous -commonly found on moncots Tap- commonly found on dicots Tap- commonly found on dicots

30. The final part of the plant is the FLOWER

31. The purpose of the flower is… To attract insects… that fertilizer the flower through Pollen or nectar… which is the beginning of fruit and seed production. To attract insects… that fertilizer the flower through Pollen or nectar… which is the beginning of fruit and seed production. THIS IS POLLINATION THIS IS POLLINATION The fruit is spread by mammals and birds… the seed germinates (sprouts)…which reproduces the plant. The fruit is spread by mammals and birds… the seed germinates (sprouts)…which reproduces the plant.

32. Seeds are the most common way to reproduce plants. This is called sexual reproduction as a male and female parent is involved. This is called sexual reproduction as a male and female parent is involved. A COMPLETE FLOWER has both male and female parts, and can pollinate itself. A COMPLETE FLOWER has both male and female parts, and can pollinate itself. These parts include these parts: These parts include these parts: SEPAL SEPAL PETALS PETALS STAMEN STAMEN PISTIL PISTIL

33. The sepals A green covering that protects the flower before it opens. This part is also known as the calyx. It produces food through the process of photosynthesis. A green covering that protects the flower before it opens. This part is also known as the calyx. It produces food through the process of photosynthesis.

34. The petals or corolla The function of the petals is to attract insects for… POLLINATION. The function of the petals is to attract insects for… POLLINATION.

35. The stamen- male reproductive parts include… Anther. The structure that holds the pollen in place for insects to pollinate. Anther. The structure that holds the pollen in place for insects to pollinate. Filament. The stalk that hold the anther in place. Filament. The stalk that hold the anther in place.

36. The pistil. The female part of the plant Usually in the center of the flower. Usually in the center of the flower. Produces the female sex cells, the eggs. Produces the female sex cells, the eggs. The eggs or ovules are found in the ovaries. The eggs or ovules are found in the ovaries. The pollen (male) fertilizes the eggs, and these fertilized eggs become seeds. The pollen (male) fertilizes the eggs, and these fertilized eggs become seeds. The ovary will become the fruit. The ovary will become the fruit.

37. The pistil has 3 parts. Stigma- the pollen ”catcher” Stigma- the pollen ”catcher” Style- the tube that carries the pollen to the ovule. Style- the tube that carries the pollen to the ovule. The ovaries – contain the ovules. The ovaries – contain the ovules.

38. An incomplete flower An incomplete flower has male or female flower parts, but not both. An incomplete flower has male or female flower parts, but not both. Holly is a plant where the flowers are incomplete. Begonias are incomplete flowers as well. Holly is a plant where the flowers are incomplete. Begonias are incomplete flowers as well.

39. Images: Google Reilly and Shry, Introductory Horticulture. Fifth. Delmar. 1996. (p. 21- 27) Reilly and Shry, Introductory Horticulture. Fifth. Delmar. 1996. (p. 21- 27)