1. AP Euro Review Period 1: 1450-1648 Part I

2. The Renaissance Middle Ages not a gap in which “nothing important” occurred (Powell) Evidence of events/triggers that brought on the Renaissance: – Sicilian Vespers, 1282 – Black Death, 1348 – Peasant rebellions, late 14 th C. – Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453 – Rise of heretics, 14 th C. – Communications revolution, 1452

3. The beginning of modern European history: ca. 1300-1600 First in Italy c. 1300-1527 Spread to Northern Europe 1450 England: 16 th – early 17 th century (Shakespeare) Jacob Burckhardt: the concept of the “Renaissance” as distinct from the Middle Ages Applies almost exclusively to the upper classes

4. Peace of Lodi 1454 Italian City-States 1494

5. Florence under Medici’s Lorenzo the Magnificent Patron of the arts Savonarola Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) – The Prince (1513)

6. Civic Humanism: education prepares leaders who are active in civic affairs Petrarch (1304-1374): 1 st figure of the Renaissance Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444) Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) Baldassare Castiglione (1478- 1529) Humanism

7. Italian Renaissance in Quattrocento and Cinquecento Italy High Renaissance (1495-1520) Italy 1400s: Florence was center of art Italy 1500s: Church (Rome) greatest patron of arts after decline of Florence Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503) – Commissioned Sistine Chapel, School of Athens, St. Peter’s Basilica, Pieta Pope Julius II (r. 1503-13) Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521) Characteristics: – Interest in classical culture, perspective, proportion, and anatomy – Centered in Rome, Florence, and Venice Masaccio, Expulsion of Adam and Eve, 1425 Mantegna, Dead Christ, 1480

8. New Techniques in Art Painting Perspective Chiaroscuro Human emotion sfumato Sculpture Free-standing contrapposto Idealized human form; nudes Greco-Roman motifs Architecture Greek temple architecture Simplicity, symmetry, harmony, balance

9. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) Vitruvian Man: icon of Renaissance – Showed how the ideal human figure constructed from proportional measurements – Proportions could be projected beyond to architecture, painting, and sculpture – Da Vinci made Vitruvian ideals accessible to artists and architects of Renaissance Vitruvian Man, 1485-90

10. Drawings of muscles: shoulder, arm, neck and aortic valve (1510-11)Madonna of the Rocks, 1483

11. Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) Venus is central figure, symbolizing Humanitas: embodiment of the ideal Ideal of nature: springtime Hung in Medici house Savonarola changed Botticelli’s work to reflect piety over sensuality Primavera, 1482

12. Botticelli Birth of Venus, 1485-87Venus and Mars, 1483

13. Raphael (1483-1520) Pope Julius II commissioned School of Athens Four branches of human knowledge: Theology Law (Justice) Poetry Philosophy (School of Athens) Plato & Aristotle central figures Aristotle: concerned with nature and human affairs Plato: ancient philosophers, mysteries that transcend this world

14. Michelangelo (1475-1564) Primarily a sculptor: believed every block of marble contained perfect form within it Platonist Sought the ideal Loyal Christian Use of contrapposto David, 1504

15. Pieta, 1498-99St. Peter’s Basilica, 1546

16. The Last Judgement, 1534-41

17. Sistine Chapel, 1508-12 Moses (for tomb Julius II), 1513-15

18. Venetian School: Titian (1485-1576) The Ascension, 1516-18Bacchus and Ariadne, 1520-23

19. Mannerism Characteristics: Reaction against Renaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity, and realistic use of color – Rebellion against “perfection” of High Renaissance Used unnatural color, shapes irregular Bridge between High Renaissance & Baroque El Greco (1541-1614) Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586-88

20. Tintoretto Last Supper, 1594 Arcimboldo "Vertemnus” ca 1590

21. The Northern Renaissance, late 15 th -early 16 th C. Christian Humanism Emphasized early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society & reform Church Thomas More (1478-1536) Utopia (1516) Erasmus (1466-1536) In Praise of Folly (1509) “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched” Hans Holbein, Erasmus in 1523

22. Northern Renaissance Art Early 16 th Century realignment of geopolitical landscape of Europe: France and HRE expanded territory and power Monarchs used art and architecture to glorify their reigns and promote sense of cultural and political unity among subjects Merchant class commissioning and collecting art, showing status (art not just for aristocracy) Happening along with religious crises: Reformation and Counter- Reformation – Split W. Europe in two and led to 100 years of war between Protestants and Catholics Humanism spread from Italy to northern Europe

23. Flemish style Low Countries produced important artists Characteristics: – Influenced by Italian Renaissance, but more emotional, more preoccupied with death, and more background detail. Use of oil over tempera paints.

24. Holy Roman Empire Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) First artist beyond Italy to gain international recognition Master of the woodcut and engraving Traveled to Italy, studied, mastered proportion, perspective and modeling Self-portraits Self Portrait at 28 (1500)

25. Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543) Premier portrait artist Erasmus, More, King Henry VIII The Ambassadors, 1533

26. The Low Countries Hieronymus Bosch (1450- 1516) Master of symbolism and fantasy Surrealistic Focus on death and Hell Very devout Peter Brueghel the Elder (1520-1569) Focus on lives of ordinary people Netherlandish Proverb, 1559 (Brueghel)

27. Garden of Earthly Delights, 1505-10 (Bosch)

28. Wealthy Women in the late Middle Ages - Renaissance “The Problem of Women” Christine de Pisan (1364- 1439) The City of Ladies (1405); The Book of Three Virtues (14 th C.) Isabella D’Este (1474-1539) “First Lady” of the Renaissance Christine de Pisan lecturing men Did Women Have a Renaissance? Historian Joan Kelly asks (1977)

29. Late Middle Ages vs. Renaissance Late Middle Ages Religion dominates politics, Church above state, dissenters dealt with harshly Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas – Reconciles Christianity with Aristotelian science Ideal: man is well-versed in one subject: getting to Heaven Literature: – Based on religion – Written in Latin by hand – Church greatest patron – Little political criticism Renaissance State supreme to Church, new monarchs assert power, rise of skepticism, Renaissance popes corrupt Humanism dominant – Emphasis on secular concerns resulting from rediscovery and study of classical Greco-Roman culture Ideal: Renaissance man should be well- rounded Literature: – Secularism; humanism – In the vernacular – Covered wide range topics – Focus on individual – Increased use of printing press, satire

30. Art Late Middle Ages Sculpture: gothic, detailed In relief Painting: Gothic Byzantine style, nearly totally religious Lack of perspective, chiaroscuro, and emotion Stylized faces Use of gold to show Heaven Church patronized Architecture: Gothic Pointed arches, barrel vaults, spires, flying buttresses - elaborate Renaissance Sculpture: Greco-Roman influence Free-standing Use of bronze Painting: Secular themes Greco-Roman ideals Perspective Chiaroscuro Oil paints Bright colors Emotion Patrons: merchant princes and Renaissance popes Architecture: Rounded arches, symmetry, balance, Greco-Roman columns, domes

31. The Reformation The Indulgences Controversy Johann Tetzel, 1517 “When the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory springs!” Luther’s 95 Theses Central Insights: Salvation through faith alone Bible was sole authority Only sacraments of baptism and communion were valid – Rejected transubstantiation Priesthood of believers Criticized indulgences and simony

32. Diet of Worms, 1521 Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X via papal bull HRE Charles V held tribunal and demanded Luther recant his writings; he refused, “Here I stand; I can do no other.” Edict of Worms, 1521 Luther outlawed as a heretic 1523: translated Bible into the vernacular and influencing development of modern German. Luther at the Diet of Worms, by Anton von Werner, 1877

33. The Spread of Protestantism Germany Northern German states, for political reasons, turned to Lutheranism – German princes could confiscate Church land and exercise own authority Little spread beyond northern Germany and Scandinavia Denmark & Sweden

34. Peasants’ War of 1524-25 (German Peasants’ Revolt) Largest armed rebellion in Europe prior to the French Revolution Peasants of southwest Germany, reading Luther’s NT rose up against landlords, taxation, and other feudal practices

35. The Second Reformation (1525- 1564) Diet of Speyer (1526) – permitted princely territories to decide religious matters on their own Only lasted 3 years, when Charles V tried to re-Catholicize Germany. League of Schmalkalden, 1531: Lutheran princes banded together for mutual defense Peace of Augsburg, 1555 – Princes in Germany could choose religion in region – Catholics or Protestants could move to appropriate state – Resulted in permanent religious division of Germany and affirmed independence of Germanic states until 1871

37. Spread of Protestantism Anabaptists Zurich, Switzerland 1525 No infant baptism as only adults could decide to commit to Christ Radical Anabaptists Instituted polygamy All books, except Bible, burned Began killing Lutherans and Catholics Tragedy at Munster, 1534: – Joint army of Catholics and Lutherans surrounded city and burned radicals

38. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Swiss Reformation Saw the Eucharist as only symbolic, not actual presence of Christ (Colloquy of Marburg 1529)

39. John Calvin (1509-1564) Calvinism Geneva 1540 – New center of Reformation – Home for Protestant exiles in England, Scotland, and France – Most militant – Protestant work ethic Presbyterians Huguenots Dutch Reformed Church Puritans Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) Predestination: God is all- knowing and already knows who will achieve salvation