2. * The world has 7,299 different languages. * Language is a collection of sounds that, through speech, have been given the same meaning. * Literary tradition is a written form of communication/language. *An official language is the language a government uses for all official business, laws, public objects, money, etc. *Interaction vs. isolation and language development

3. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed? Origin and Diffusion of English Origin and Diffusion of English English is the most widespread language on Earth. English is the most widespread language on Earth. How did English spread around the Earth? How did English spread around the Earth?

4. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed? English Colonies English Colonies The British set up colonies in North America. The British set up colonies in North America. Later became the United States and Canada Later became the United States and Canada The British went to Ireland, Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific. The British went to Ireland, Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific. The United States went to the Phillipines The United States went to the Phillipines

5. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed? Origin of English in England Origin of English in England English is a Germanic Language English is a Germanic Language English comes from the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons from the northern part of Germany and Denmark English comes from the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons from the northern part of Germany and Denmark Over time more groups invaded England and added their languages to English. Over time more groups invaded England and added their languages to English. The Norman invasion brought French to England. Commoners spoke English, the government spoke French. Caused a blending of the two languages. The Norman invasion brought French to England. Commoners spoke English, the government spoke French. Caused a blending of the two languages.

7. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed? Dialects of English Dialects of English A dialect is a regional variation of a language distinguished by a distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. A dialect is a regional variation of a language distinguished by a distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. Why is British English different from American English? Or Australian English? Or Canadian English? Why is British English different from American English? Or Australian English? Or Canadian English? Why is English in the South different from English in the Northeast? Why is English in the South different from English in the Northeast?

8. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed? Dialects in England Dialects in England The French ruled England from 1066 to 1204. The French ruled England from 1066 to 1204. In 1364 the English officially stopped using French. In 1364 the English officially stopped using French. Isolated counties in England where people did not speak French developed their own dialects of English. Isolated counties in England where people did not speak French developed their own dialects of English. In London and at Cambridge and Oxford became the standard for spoken English. In London and at Cambridge and Oxford became the standard for spoken English. People in England still have regional dialects. People in England still have regional dialects.

9. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed? Differences Between British English and American English Differences Between British English and American English Vocabulary and spelling: Vocabulary and spelling: The ocean between the nations The ocean between the nations New experiences and objects New experiences and objects New inventions New inventions Noah Webster and his American dictionary Noah Webster and his American dictionary Differences in Pronunciation Differences in Pronunciation Pronunciation has changed more in England than the U.S. Pronunciation has changed more in England than the U.S. “Proper” English was not around in 1776. “Proper” English was not around in 1776.

11. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed? Dialects in the United States Dialects in the United States The Northeast was settled by Puritans The Northeast was settled by Puritans The Southeast was settled by people from southeast England. The Southeast was settled by people from southeast England. The Mid-Atlantic region was settled by a lot of groups. The Mid-Atlantic region was settled by a lot of groups. What is the result of these different groups settling the East? What is the result of these different groups settling the East?

13. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed? Current Dialect Differences in the East. Current Dialect Differences in the East. Three different areas Three different areas Isogloss is a word usage boundary. Isogloss is a word usage boundary. Can be as simple as the difference between “Bucket” and “Pail” Can be as simple as the difference between “Bucket” and “Pail” What has had the biggest influence on the adoption of words across the country? What has had the biggest influence on the adoption of words across the country?

15. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed? Pronunciation Differences Pronunciation Differences Southern pronunciations Southern pronunciations New England accent New England accent Mid-Atlantic and the West are very similar Mid-Atlantic and the West are very similar How did the Gold Rush influence language in the west? How did the Gold Rush influence language in the west?

16. Why is English Related to Other Languages? Indo-European Branches Indo-European Branches Language branch is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago. Language branch is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago. There are eight branches of Indo-European language: There are eight branches of Indo-European language: Germanic, Indo-Iranian, Balto-slavic, Romance, Albanian, Armenian, Greek, and Celtic Germanic, Indo-Iranian, Balto-slavic, Romance, Albanian, Armenian, Greek, and Celtic

18. Why is English Related to Other Languages? Germanic Branch of Indo-European Germanic Branch of Indo-European English is part of this because of the Invasion of England by the Germans and Danish 1,500 years ago. English is part of this because of the Invasion of England by the Germans and Danish 1,500 years ago. Language group: a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. Language group: a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. English and German are both part of the West Germanic branch. English and German are both part of the West Germanic branch. The other branch is the High Germanic Branch The other branch is the High Germanic Branch

19. Why is English Related to Other Languages? Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European Most language speakers in the Indo- European family Most language speakers in the Indo- European family Indic group: language used in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Indic group: language used in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Hindi and Devanagari (Northern India) Hindi and Devanagari (Northern India) Urdu (Pakistan) Urdu (Pakistan) Bengali (Bangladesh) Bengali (Bangladesh)

20. Why is English Related to Other Languages? India has four important language families: Indo-EuropeanDravidianSino-TibetanAustro-Asiatic India’s constitution recognizes 18 official languages. Only 1 percent of the population speaks English.

22. Why is English Related to Other Languages? Iranian group of Indo-Iranian Language branch Iranian group of Indo-Iranian Language branch Persian or Farsi (Iran) Persian or Farsi (Iran) Pashto (Afghanistan) Pashto (Afghanistan) Kurdish (parts of turkey, Iran, and Iraq) Kurdish (parts of turkey, Iran, and Iraq) All are written with the Arabic alphabet All are written with the Arabic alphabet

23. Why is English Related to Other Languages? Balto-Slavic Branch of Indo-European Balto-Slavic Branch of Indo-European East Slavic and Baltic groups East Slavic and Baltic groups Russian – spoken because of the influence of the USSR after WWII Russian – spoken because of the influence of the USSR after WWII Ukrainian (“Border”) Ukrainian (“Border”) Belarusan (Bela – “White”) Belarusan (Bela – “White”)

24. Why is English Related to Other Languages? Balto-Slavic Branch of Indo-European Balto-Slavic Branch of Indo-European West and South Slavic Groups West and South Slavic Groups Polish Polish Czech Czech Slovak Slovak Bosnians and Croatians vs. Montenegrans and Serbs. Bosnians and Croatians vs. Montenegrans and Serbs. Roman Alphabet vs. Cyrillic Alphabet Roman Alphabet vs. Cyrillic Alphabet Very little difference between Slavic languages. Very little difference between Slavic languages.

25. Why is English Related to Other Languages? Romance Branch of Indo-European Romance Branch of Indo-European Four main languages: Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian. The fifth is Romanian. Four main languages: Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian. The fifth is Romanian. Physical barriers – mountains – kept the people and languages apart. Physical barriers – mountains – kept the people and languages apart. There are divisions of each of the languages in each country they are part of. There are divisions of each of the languages in each country they are part of.

27. Why is English Related to Other Languages? Origin and Diffusion of Romance Languages. Origin and Diffusion of Romance Languages. All developed in Rome about 2,000 years ago All developed in Rome about 2,000 years ago Roman Empire led to the spread of the language. Roman Empire led to the spread of the language. Latin at the time also adopted words from the area. Latin at the time also adopted words from the area. After the fall of Rome, communication from each province declined. After the fall of Rome, communication from each province declined. The Latin base still links these languages. The Latin base still links these languages.

28. Why is English Related to Other Languages? Romance Language Dialects Romance Language Dialects Difference in French is regional Difference in French is regional Languedoc and Occitan Languedoc and Occitan Spain has Castilian, Galician in the Northwest, and Catalan in the Northeast Spain has Castilian, Galician in the Northwest, and Catalan in the Northeast Portuguese is spoken in Portugal and Brazil. Portuguese is spoken in Portugal and Brazil. Italian has six different dialects. Italian has six different dialects. Creole is a language that is a mixture of the colonizers language and the people being dominated. Creole is a language that is a mixture of the colonizers language and the people being dominated.

29. Why is English Related to Other Languages? Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European No single ancestor of the Indo-European branch exists. No single ancestor of the Indo-European branch exists. One theory is the Kurgan people 4300 b.c. One theory is the Kurgan people 4300 b.c. Another is people in eastern Anatolia about 6700 b.c. Another is people in eastern Anatolia about 6700 b.c. Poor communication and isolation led to the development of distinct languages. Poor communication and isolation led to the development of distinct languages.

33. Where are Other Language Families Distributed? Classification of Languages Classification of Languages Indo-European (english) 48% Indo-European (english) 48% Sino-Tibetan (Mandarin) 26% Sino-Tibetan (Mandarin) 26% Afro-Asiatic (Arabic) 6% Afro-Asiatic (Arabic) 6% Dravidian (Hindi) 4% Dravidian (Hindi) 4% Altaic (Turkic, Mongolic) 3% Altaic (Turkic, Mongolic) 3% Niger-Congo (Swahili) 3% Niger-Congo (Swahili) 3% Japanese 2% Japanese 2% Other languages, about 100, spoken by 2% Other languages, about 100, spoken by 2%

35. Where are Other Language Families Distributed? Distribution of Language Families Distribution of Language Families Sino-Tibetan Family of languages Sino-Tibetan Family of languages Spoken in China and surrounding areas Spoken in China and surrounding areas SINITIC BRANCH SINITIC BRANCH Mandarin, most used Sinitic langauge Mandarin, most used Sinitic langauge Cantonese is another Cantonese is another Based on 420 one syllable words Based on 420 one syllable words Writing is based on sounds and ideas Writing is based on sounds and ideas

36. Where are Other Language Families Distributed? Other East and Southeast Asian Language Families Other East and Southeast Asian Language Families Japanese Japanese Uses Chinese characters, sounds and Ideas Uses Chinese characters, sounds and Ideas Korean Korean Uses characters that represent sounds. Uses characters that represent sounds.

38. Where are Other Language Families Distributed? Afro-Asiatic Language Family Afro-Asiatic Language Family Arabic Arabic The Quran The Quran Hebrew Hebrew The Bible The Bible

39. Where are Other Language Families Distributed? Altaic Languages Altaic Languages Turkish Turkish Kemal Ataturk Kemal Ataturk Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Kazakh, Uyghur, Turkmen Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Kazakh, Uyghur, Turkmen Suppressed by the Soviet Union Suppressed by the Soviet Union

40. Where are Other Language Families Distributed? Uralic Languages Uralic Languages Estonia, Hungary, Finland Estonia, Hungary, Finland Language dates back 7,000 years Language dates back 7,000 years Formed along the Ural Mountains Formed along the Ural Mountains

41. Where are Other Language Families Distributed? African Language Families African Language Families More than 1,000 distinct languages in Africa More than 1,000 distinct languages in Africa Four basic areas of Language families Four basic areas of Language families Niger-Congo Niger-Congo Nilo-Saharan Nilo-Saharan Khoisan Khoisan Austronesian Austronesian

42. Where are Other Language Families Distributed? Niger-Congo language family Niger-Congo language family 95% of sub-Saharan Africans 95% of sub-Saharan Africans Swahili – 30 million speak as a second langauge Swahili – 30 million speak as a second langauge Nilo-Saharan language family Nilo-Saharan language family Only spoken by a few million people Only spoken by a few million people Khoisan language family Khoisan language family Southwest Africa, “Click” languages Southwest Africa, “Click” languages Austronesian language family Austronesian language family Spoken in indonesia Spoken in indonesia 75 million people mostly on Java, speak Javanese 75 million people mostly on Java, speak Javanese Malay from Malaysia Malay from Malaysia

43. Why do People Preserve Local Languages? Preserving Language Diversity Preserving Language Diversity Languages die Languages die Gothic as an example Gothic as an example Hebrew Hebrew Diminished greatly Diminished greatly Brought back by the nation of Isreal in 1948 Brought back by the nation of Isreal in 1948

44. Why do People Preserve Local Languages? Celtic Celtic Only in a few places, Ireland and Scotland speak different form of Gaelic Only in a few places, Ireland and Scotland speak different form of Gaelic Brythonic Brythonic Welsh Welsh Cornish Cornish Breton Breton Language survival depends on political and military strength. Language survival depends on political and military strength. Some dying Celtic Languages have been Revived Some dying Celtic Languages have been Revived Welsh, Gaelic in Ireland, Cornish for example Welsh, Gaelic in Ireland, Cornish for example

45. Why do People Preserve Local Languages? Multilingual States Multilingual States Belgium Belgium Flemish and French or the Flemish and the Walloons Flemish and French or the Flemish and the Walloons Divided into two independent regions Divided into two independent regions Two “official” languages have caused problems Two “official” languages have caused problems Switzerland Switzerland Uses four official languages Uses four official languages Local governments make most of the decisions and voters have a strong voice. Local governments make most of the decisions and voters have a strong voice.

48. Why do People Preserve Local Languages? Isolated States Isolated States An isolated language is one that is unrelated to any other and not a part of any language family An isolated language is one that is unrelated to any other and not a part of any language family Arise from a lack of interaction with speakers of other languages. Arise from a lack of interaction with speakers of other languages.

49. Why do People Preserve Local Languages? Isolated States Isolated States Basque Basque Northern Spain and Southern France Northern Spain and Southern France Isolation preserve the language Isolation preserve the language Unrelated to Spanish or French Unrelated to Spanish or French Icelandic Icelandic Related to the Germanic Languages Related to the Germanic Languages Unchanged because of a lack of contact with others Unchanged because of a lack of contact with others

50. Why do People Preserve Local Languages? Global Dominance of English Global Dominance of English Official language of international flight Official language of international flight Official language of international business Official language of international business Official language of international communication Official language of international communication

51. Why do People Preserve Local Languages? English: An Example of a Lingua Franca English: An Example of a Lingua Franca Lingua franca – a language of international communication Lingua franca – a language of international communication Pidgin Language – a combination of two langauges Pidgin Language – a combination of two langauges Swahili is a pidgin language Swahili is a pidgin language Many countries force youths to learn English in School Many countries force youths to learn English in School

52. Why do People Preserve Local Languages? Expansion Diffusion of English Expansion Diffusion of English Through the spread of an idea rather than relocation of people. Through the spread of an idea rather than relocation of people. English coins words from other languages. English coins words from other languages. Ebonics Ebonics Use of the verb “be” Use of the verb “be” Double negatives Double negatives Regarded as substandard English by some and a cultural element by others. Regarded as substandard English by some and a cultural element by others.

53. Why do People Preserve Local Languages? Diffusion to Other Languages Diffusion to Other Languages Franglais Franglais Combination of French and English Combination of French and English The French try to keep the language pure The French try to keep the language pure France’s highest court ruled that outlawing Franglais was illegal France’s highest court ruled that outlawing Franglais was illegal Quebec in Canada Quebec in Canada

54. Why do People Preserve Local Languages? Diffusion to Other Languages Diffusion to Other Languages Spanglish Spanglish Combination of Spanish and English Combination of Spanish and English Convert English words to Spanish forms Convert English words to Spanish forms Becoming more and more a part of popular culture Becoming more and more a part of popular culture Critics say it does nothing for either English or Spanish Critics say it does nothing for either English or Spanish

55. Why do People Preserve Local Languages? Diffusion to Other Languages Diffusion to Other Languages Denglish Denglish The infusion of English words into German The infusion of English words into German Deutsche Telekom uses Denglish to tell the difference between local and long distance calls. Deutsche Telekom uses Denglish to tell the difference between local and long distance calls. The Institute for German Language protested The Institute for German Language protested