1. Nationalism and Sectionalism (Ch. 10) Nationalism and Sectionalism (Ch. 10)

2. The American System Intended to spur the development of the ‘market revolution’  Clay believed would rapidly develop Western states Clay believed prosperity depended upon the federal government’s assuming an active role in shaping the economy Tariff of 1816 Chartering of the Second Bank of the United States [BUS] Internal improvements at federal expense. National Road Aroused intense support and opposition Henry Clay, “The Great Compromiser”

3. The Bank of the U.S. (B.U.S) 1816  Congress adopted a provision for a new Bank of the U.S. Located in Philadelphia Charter for 20 years Debated by leading politicians John C. Calhoun (SC)  Introduced the banking bill and pushed it through (power to regulate currency) Henry Clay (KY)  Long opposed the bank, but reversed his stance and said it was necessary Daniel Webster (NH)  Led the opposition of the New England Federalists Calhoun and Webster later reversed their positions (Webster wanted a stronger government and Calhoun a champion of states’ rights). Many believed it was a potentially tyrannical force, centralizing power at the expense of the states.

4. The Protective Tariff (1816) After the War of 1812, there was a renewal of cheap British imports. American manufactures needed “protection” from foreign competitors. Tariff of 1816 Intended more to protect American industry rather than to raise revenue New England supported the tariff; the South opposed it Some believed it benefited industrialists at expense of the farmers and ‘common folk’ Southerners who supported it (Calhoun) thought the South could become a manufacturing region (Textile mills in South Carolina)

5. Internal Improvements Building of roads and the development of water transportation. War of 1812 highlighted shortcomings of the U.S. transportation network. Congress decreed that 5% of the proceeds from land scales in Ohio (1803) would go to building a National Road from the Atlantic coast into Ohio and beyond as the territory developed. Construction began on the National Road in 1815. Originally called the Cumberland Roads. First federally financed interstate roadway. Helped accelerate the commercialization of agriculture.

6. Transportation Growth Roads Pennsylvania’s Lancaster Turnpike connected Philadelphia with farmlands Success stimulated construction of other privately built toll roads. By the mid-1820s, major cities were connected Canals Erie Canal was completed in New York State in 1825 Linked the economies of western farms and eastern cities. Success meant lower food prices in the East, more immigrants settling in the West, and stronger economic ties between the two sections. Steamboats The Clermont, a steamboat travelled up the Hudson River in 1807. Steamboats were developed by Robert Fulton. – Allowed for travel upriver, did not have to worry about the currents. Railroads First built in the late 1820s, but were competing with canals by the 1830s.

7. The Election of 1816 [The Demise of the Federalist Party!]

8. Monroe: Era of Good Feelings? For some, it was an era nationalism, optimism, goodwill, unity, and harmony, and for others, it was a time of intense debate over tariffs, internal improvements, and public land sales, and sectionalist tension over slavery. Monroe was Madison’s Secretary of State and was the last of the Revolutionary generation to serve in the White House. Democratic-Republican Principles: He accepted the Bank of the U.S. and the Tariff of 1816 No further extension of economic nationalism Era of Good Feelings: America was at peace Economy was flourishing Re-elected without opposition Democratic Republican Party was dominant (no Federalist Party)

9. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) The Treaty of Ghent left the issue of the Canadian border with Britain unresolved Exchange of letters between acting Secretary of State Richard Rush and British minister to the U.S., Charles Bagot Agreed to limit forces on the Great Lakes to several U.S. ships collecting customs duties. Created the tradition of an unfortified border between the U.S. and Canada

10. The Convention/Treaty of 1818 Settled the northern limit of the Louisiana Purchase by extending the national boundary along the 49 th parallel. The Oregon Country would be open to joint occupation by the British and the Americans (boundary unsettled). The right of Americans to fish off Newfoundland and Labrador (granted in 1783) was acknowledged once again. Continued improved relations with British after the War of 1812.

11. The West and the Northwest: 1819-1824 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams Spain abandoned its claim to the Oregon Country above the 42 nd parallel In 1821, the Russian czar claimed the Pacific Coast as far south as the 51 st parallel 1823  Adams contested the “right of Russia to any territorial establishment on this continent.” Treaty in 1824 Russia accepted the 54’40 as the southern boundary of its claim Treaty in 1825 Agreement with between Britain and Russia gave the Oregon Country clearly defined boundaries Still subject to join occupation by the U.S. and Great Britain

12. Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 [“The Transcontinental Treaty”] Spain was a declining power, unable to enforce its obligations (under Pinckney’s Treaty) to pacify the Florida frontier. Seminoles were fighting white settlers and Secretary of War Calhoun authorized the use of federal troops against the Seminoles. Summoned Andrew Jackson to take command. Orders  Pursue the offenders into Spanish territory, but not to attack any Spanish posts Jackson ordered troops to cross the border and assaulted a Spanish fort and destroyed Seminole villages. Jackson’s conquest of West Florida strengthened John Quincy Adam’s negotiations to purchase the territory from Spain. Spain ended up ceding ALL of Florida to the U.S.

13. Completely Useless Information Q is the only letter in the alphabet that does not appear in the name of any of the United States. In Tokyo, they sell toupees for dogs. Chewing gum while peeling onions will keep you from crying.

14. The Panic of 1819 Sudden collapse of cotton prices  Set off a decline in the demand for other American goods. Overspeculation of western lands  Businessmen, farmers and land speculators recklessly borrowed money. The collapse of crop prices and land values led to speculators and settlers income plummeting. The reckless practices of the state banks and the National Bank’s tightened credit compounded the inflation of credit. Many state banks closed and unemployment, bankruptcy, and imprisonment for debt rose dramatically. Hurt Western farmers the worst where many over- speculated on land after the War of 1812. Panic was the first major economic downturn since the Constitution, lasting three years, it shook the feelings of nationalism and changed the political views of many in the West (especially on the National Bank/debtor’s prison)

15. The Compromise of 1820 In 1819, the country had an equal number of slave states and free states – 11 each. In 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state. This would throw off the balance of ‘free vs. slave’ states in the Senate Tallmadge Amendment All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25. Passed by the House, not in the Senate. The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate. Compromise: Henry Clay  Organized a compromise. Maine would be admitted as a ‘free’ state to balance out Missouri entering as a ‘slave’ state In the rest of the Louisiana Territory, slavery was prohibited above the 36 ⁰ 30’ line. The Missouri Compromise eased tension of the expansion of slavery for a time, but this issue would continue to cause issues as the United States expanded.

16. Chief Justice John Marshall Strengthened the power of the Supreme Court Marbury v. Madison (1803)  Judicial Review Fletcher v. Peck (1810)  This was the first time the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional. Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816)  Supreme Court established the principle that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)  Court struck down a New Hampshire state law that changed Dartmouth College from a privately chartered college into a public institution on the groups that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. Cohens v. Virginia (1821)  Established the principle that the Supreme Court could review a state courts decision involving any of the powers of the federal government.

17. Chief Justice John Marshall McCullough v. Maryland (1819)  James McCullough (a clerk in the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the U.S.) failed to put state revenue stamps to bank notes Marshall upheld the power of Congress to charter the bank and denying and right of the state to tax it... “The power to tax is the power to destroy..” Prohibited the states from taxing agencies of the federal government The doctrine of implied powers Gibbons v. Ogden (1821) Dealt with if the state of New York could grant a monopoly to a steamboat company if that action conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress. Ruled that the New York monopoly was unconstitutional. Marshall established the federal government's broad control of interstate commerce

18. The Election of 1820

19. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 Referred to as “America’s Self-Defense Doctrine” Spain, France, Russia, and Britain were all interested in re-colonizing the independent nations of Latin America The restored monarchies (France, Austria and Prussia) with Russia cooperated in suppressing liberal elements in Italy and Spain. Considered helping Spain return to power in South America Secretary of State Quincy Adams convinced Monroe to issue a new foreign policy. Monroe Doctrine: U.S. would stay out of European Affairs Europe must stay out of the Western Hemisphere American republics inherently better than European empires Less important at the time than it would be later.

20. The Election of 1824: The “Corrupt Bargain” Bitterly contested presidential election The old Congressional caucus system for choosing presidential candidates had broken down, resulting in FOUR candidates of the same party: John Quincy Adams Henry Clay William Crawford Andrew Jackson Jackson won the greatest number of popular votes, but lacked the majority in the electoral college required by the Constitution.

21. The Election of 1824: The “Corrupt Bargain” House of Representatives had to choose a president from the top three candidates. Clay used his influence in the House to provide John Quincy Adams the Presidency Adams then appointed Clay his Secretary of State. Jackson and his supporters called this a “corrupt bargain.”

22. Presidency of John Quincy Adams One of the most able men and one of the most ineffective president in U.S. History. Lacked the gift of compromise Desired a huge expansion of the role of the federal government Asked Congress for money for internal improvements, aid to manufacturing, etc. Provoked the emergence of a new party system  The Jacksonian Democrats Tariff of 1824 Favored the middle Atlantic and New England manufacturers Raised duties on imported woolens, cotton, iron and other finished goods Revenues were raided with duties on sugar, molasses, coffee and salt Tariff of Abominations Tariff of 1828 Generally satisfied northern manufacturers, but alienated southern planters. Southerners called it a “tariff of abominations”

23. Revolution/Election of 1828 Adams sought re-election in 1828. Jacksonian Democrats used the discontent of the southerners and westerners with new campaign tactics to sweep “Old Hickory” into office. Campaign was volatile Adams’ wife accused of being born out of wedlock Jackson’s wife accused of adultery Three times the number of voters turned out than in the pervious election Jackson carried every state west of the Appalachians.