1. ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION CHAPTER 6

2. EQ: HOW DID THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION QUESTION ESTABLISHED BELIEFS?

3. CAUSES OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Renaissance inspired creativity- during the time of the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution also emerged New way of thinking about the natural world Based on careful observation and willingness to question

4. MATCHING ACTIVITY 1. Proposed the heliocentric theory of the universe 2. Helped develop the scientific method 3. Law of universal gravitation 4. Used a microscope to observe bacteria 5. invented a microscope 6. Used a telescope to observe the universe, put on trial and house arrest for contradicting the Church A. Galileo Galilei B. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek C. Zacharias Janssen D. Issac Newton E. Nicolaus Copernicus F. Francis Bacon

5. ANSWER IT… How did the Catholic Church try to stop ideas from being disseminated and how successful were they? Why did they do this?

6. ANALYZE THE QUOTE “If I have seen farther than others”, said Newton, “it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.”

7. THINK/PAIR/SHARE EQ: How did the Scientific Revolution question established beliefs?

8. EQ: HOW DID THE ENLIGHTENMENT CHANGE EUROPEAN VIEWS OF GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY?

9. TWO VIEWS ON GOVERNMENT 1. Thomas Hobbes “Leviathan” 1651 Hobbes distrusts humans states they are naturally wicked and selfish believes there is a need for a strong government to keep order Promotes social contract— b/c ppl act in their own self-interest they need a gov’t with total power (believed the best was absolute monarchy) 2. John Locke government gets power from the people All ppl are born free & equal with 3 natural rights: life, liberty, property Stresses that people have a right to overthrow an unjust government

10. PHILOSOPHES: FRENCH SOCIAL CRITICS MID-1700S Beliefs of the Philosophes Value reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty 1. Francois Marie Arouet: pen name- Voltaire 2. Baron de Montesquieu 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau

11. VOLTAIRE Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion & speech Used satire against opponents- jailed twice, exiled to England for 2 years “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

12. MONTESQUIEU- “ON THE SPIRIT OF LAWS” Admired Britain’s gov’t system King: executive Parliament: legislative Judges: judicial Favored separation of powers to keep one body from running gov’t; believed having different parts of gov’t would set up a system of checks and balances

13. ROUSSEAU Favored individual freedom and direct democracy- believed the only good gov’t is one formed freely by the ppl Ppl agree to give up some of their freedoms for the common good Book: Social Contract 1762 all ppl were equal

14. CESARE BONESANA (ITALIAN PHILOSOPHER) Laws exist to preserve order, not avenge crimes Accused should get: speedy trial, a punishment that fits the crime Stated torture and capital punishment should be abolished Gov’t should seek the greatest good for the greatest # of ppl

15. WOMEN & THE ENLIGHTENMENT Mary Astell urged education for women Mary Wollstonecraft urged greater rights for women: need quality education to be virtuous and useful go into traditionally male professions like politics Some wealthy women use their status to spread Enlightenment ideas

16. LEGACY Belief in Progress: Scientific breakthroughs show human capacity to improve society A More Secular Outlook: New knowledge of the world leads people to question religious ideas Importance of the Individual: People place more emphasis on individual rights, abilities Theories inspire American & French Revolutions *****Adam Smith extends to economics- individuals acting in their own self-interest creates economic progress Enlightenment ideas spread caused many changes…

17. SOCIAL CHANGES Salons- social gatherings where ideas were discussed Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia contained writings from leading scholars Neoclassical art (late 1700s) used Greek & Roman themes Music became more elegant and simple; “classical” Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven Fictional novels- written in everyday language

18. ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS (RULERS) Supported ideas but no desire to give up power Desired to make their countries stronger & make rule more effective Concept Web: Note Beliefs, Reforms, Changes (or lack there of) pages 204-205 Enlightened Despots Frederick the Great Of Prussia 1740-1786 Catherine the Great of Russia 1762-1796 Joseph II of Austria 1780-1790

19. TICKET OUT THE DOOR: ANSWER THE EQ EQ: How did the Enlightenment change European views of government and society?

20. EQ: HOW DID THE ENLIGHTENMENT ENCOURAGE THE AMERICAN COLONIES TO SHED BRITISH RULE AND HOW DID IT LEAD TO THE FOUNDING OF THE UNITED STATES?

21. SPIT IT OUT What do you know or think you know about the American Revolution?

22. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION- 1781 Sets up the United States 1 st government structure Weak national gov’t- no executive or judicial branches; creates Congress Each state 1 vote No power to tax or regulate trade Could declare war, enter into treaties, coin $ Problems: no $ to run the gov’t, states issued their own $, some charge tariffs for state to state trade

23. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES- 1787 3 branches: executive, legislative, judicial- checks and balances established Federal system: divides power between the federal gov’t and the states Ability to tax, declare war, make treaties, etc… Bill of Rights- 1791

24. GROUP WORK: IF TIME COMPARE/CONTRAST THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION ---VENN DIAGRAM