1. Europe in the Middle Ages

2. FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE GERMANIC SUCCESSORS THE FRANKS EXTERNAL INVASIONS Quest for Political Order Emperor Charlemagne

3. Warm Up: What happened to Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire? In the East, the Byzantine Empire became a center for trade & Greco-Roman culture

4. The Middle Ages In the West, Europe grew weak & fell into the Middle Ages from 500 to 1300 Also known as the “Dark Ages” or “Medieval” era

5. Europe After the Fall of Rome When barbarian kingdoms conquered Rome, Europe was plagued by constant warfare Warfare disrupted trade, destroyed Europe’s cities, & forced people to rural areas Learning declined; Few people could read or write Greco-Roman culture was forgotten Europe lost a common language; Latin mixed with local languages to form Spanish, French, Italian (vernacular languages)

6. Germanic Tribes in the Middle Ages Without the unity of the Roman Empire, Europe became divided into a series of Germanic kingdoms Germanic people lived in small communities led by chiefs (lords) & his loyal warriors (knights) Family ties & loyalty were more important than the rule of law & citizenship.

7. German Successor States Power shifts from Italy to France Decentralized Society Subsistence Agriculture Limited Trade

8. The Spread of Christianity During the early Middle Ages, the Germanic kingdoms were slowly converted to Christianity The Catholic Pope became involved in secular (non-religious) issues like road repair, aiding the poor, & helping Christian kings expand their power

9. The Spread of Christianity The Franks were the largest & most powerful of the Germanic kingdoms in the early Middle Ages Frankish kings allied with the Catholic Church & expanded their power In 771, Charlemagne (“Charles the Great”) became king of the Franks

10. The Franks Clovis I (466-511)  United the Franks  Converted to Christianity Charles Martel (688-741)  Defeated Muslim at Tours Charlemagne (742-814)  Centralized authority  Temporary revival of learning  Empire fell less than 30 years after his death

11. Charlemagne & the Frankish Empire Charlemagne (king of the Franks) was the greatest Medieval king because he did something no other king was able to do…create an organized empire – The Holy Roman Empire (First Reich) Charlemagne expanded the Frankish empire He spread Christianity – Missi Dominici He valued learning & built schools in his empire He created schools to train future priests

12. Charlemagne & The Holy Roman Empire After Charlemagne’s death in 814, his Frankish Empire was divided & lost power… …This was the last opportunity to provide unity in medieval Europe

13. Fall of the Western Roman Empire

14. Germanic Successor States Decentralized Society  German chieftains replace Roman rule  Germanic tradition replaced Roman law  Peasants turn to local lords for safety Subsistence Agriculture Power shifts from Italy to France

15. The Franks Clovis I (466-511)  United the Franks  Converted to Christianity Charles Martel (688-741)  Defeated Muslim at Tours Charlemagne (742-814)  Centralized authority  Temporary revival of learning  Empire fell less than 30 years after his death Battle of Tours, 732

16. External Invasions External invasions by Vikings (purple), Magyars (green), and Muslims (red) completed the destruction of centralized rule in Western Europe. European lords built a system of military and political relationships to protect their land. This system is called feudalism.

17. FEUDALISM SERFS AND MANORS THE MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN CHURCH Medieval Society (600-1000)

18. Feudalism Feudalism began in Europe as a way to offer protection through political & military relationships. Feudalism is based on land & loyalty. Land-owning lords offer land (called a fief) to knights in exchange for their loyalty & promise to protect the lord’s land Feudalism came to England with Norman Invasion in 1066. Bayeaux Tapestry

19. Feudal Structure Kings had land but very little power Lords (also called Nobles) were the upper-class landowners; they had inherited titles (“Duke,” “Earl,” “Sir”) Knights were specially trained soldiers who protected the lords & peasants – vassals took an oath of fealty (loyalty) Some peasants were serfs & could not leave the lord’s estate

20. Lords built castles to protect their territory from outside invasions

21. The Manorial System The lord’s land was called a manor During the Middle Ages, the manorial system was the way in which people survived The lord provided peasants with housing, farmland, & protection In exchange, peasants repaid the lord by working his land & providing a portion of the food they produced

22. Manors were self-sufficient communities; Everything that was needed was produced on the manor Peasant life was hard: They paid taxes to use the lord’s mill, had to get permission to get married, & life expectancy was about 35 years old

23. European Feudalism Kings and nobles gave land (fief ) to vassals (nobles) in exchange for military service  Control of land was hereditary Vassals gave land to knights in exchange for military service  Knights were bound by a code of chivalry

24. European Feudalism

25. The Knight The Castle Knights and Castles Castle Rising in England was built in 1138

27. Serfs and Manorialism Agricultural manors were essential for maintaining the feudal system  Manors included a mill, church, workshops, and a village Serfdom  Bound to the land  Cultivated land for lords in exchange for protection and a small plot of land  Also were responsible for weaving, building, etc. Serfs were required to work their lords land three days a week. The rest of the time they could work the small plots of land provided to them by their lord.

28. Manorialism

29. The Christian Church Created moral standards Owned extensive land throughout Western Europe Struggled with secular rulers to be the dominant authority in Europe Supported monasticism  Monks preserved literacy and learning  Nuns provided an additional opportunity for women

30. The Pope Papal authority grew during early medieval period  Canon law  Excommunication  Investiture Frequent power struggles between monarchs and the papacy  Henry IV and Gregory VII A symbol of papal authority, Pope Gregory VII declared the church infallible and capable of removing emperors

31. VIKINGS SPANISH RECONQUISTA THE CRUSADES Expansion of Europe

32. Text From 800 to 1000, a 2 nd major wave of invasions struck Europe led by Vikings, Muslims &Magyars These invasions caused widespread fear & suffering Kings could not defend against invasion People stopped looking to kings for protection

33. Viking Expansion

34. Spanish Reconquista Began in small Christian states in northern Spain By 1150 Christians had recaptured over half of Muslim Spain  Aided by organization and wealth of Catholic Church Ended in 1492 with conquest of Granada  Drove Jews and Muslims from Spain The Spanish Inquisition

35. The End of al-Andalus Sultan Muhammad was exiled, and on his way out of Granada, he stopped at a mountain pass to look back at Granada and began to cry. His mother was unimpressed with his sudden remorse and scolded him, “Do not cry like a woman for that which you could not defend as a man.”

36. The Crusades

37. ESTABLISHMENT OF REGIONAL STATES EUROPEAN ECONOMIC REVIVAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS CHRISTIANITY DURING THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES High Middle Ages (1000-1500)

38. Rise of Regional States Holy Roman Empire (Germany)  “neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire”  Conflicts with church prevented creation of a powerful state France  Capetian dynasty consolidated feudal estates into a centralized government  Feudal monarchy Italy  Dominated by powerful city-states: Rome (papal state), Florence, Genoa, Milan, Venice, etc.

39. Europe in the High Middle Ages

40. Rise of Monarchy in England William of Normandy conquered England in 1066  Feudalism with centralized approach Magna Carta signed by King John in 1215  Created parliamentary system  Parliament must approve changes in taxation  Does NOT create a democratic system King John, enemy of Robin Hood, was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215

41. European Economic Revival Changing Agricultural Economy  Technology: improved plows, watermills, the horse collar, and the horseshoe  Crop rotation and the three-field system  Population growth  800 CE—29 Million  1100 CE—44 Million  1300 CE—79 Million Population growth led to urbanization  London, Paris, Toledo, etc.  Some towns challenged the authority of their feudal lord

42. European Economic Revival Urbanization increased specialization of labor  Guilds created regulations between craftsmen  Protect prices, regulate production, etc. Specialized labor increased manufacturing  Manufacturing focused on wool textiles  Woolen textiles dominated by Italy and Flanders (Belgium) Increased manufacturing led to increased trade  Italian merchants dominated trade in the Mediterranean  Increased involvement in the Afro-Eurasian trade network  Silk Roads, Trans-Saharan, etc.  Hanseatic League promotes trade in northern Europe

43. Trade in the High Middle Ages Venetian and Genoese merchants established colonies in major trade ports of Alexandria, Constantinople, Cairo, Damascus, etc.

44. Social Developments Status of women improved, but not by much.  Chivalry promoted respect for women  Urbanization created more job opportunities for women  All-female guilds  Worked same jobs as their husbands  Increased veneration of the Virgin Mary  Mary symbolized ideals of womanhood, love, & sympathy Cathedral of Notre Dame or “Our Lady”

45. Christianity in the High Middle Ages Cathedral schools become universities  University of Paris, Oxford University, etc. Rediscovery of works of Aristotle  Increased commerce with Muslims provided the West with access to Greek works New intellectual movements  Thomas Aquinas and scholasticism  Combining Aristotle’s logic with Christianity to create the most truthful system of thought possible Some reformers within in the church were worried about the materialism of the church

46. BUBONIC PLAGUE HUNDRED YEARS WAR THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE End of the Middle Ages

47. Bubonic Plague Silk Roads spread bubonic plague across Eurasia in the 14 th century In October 1347 a ship from the Crimea sailed into Messina. The crew had a "sickness clinging to their very bones.“ Rats carrying fleas got on shore spreading disease  Increased trade helped spread the plague  Close proximity, unsanitary conditions facilitated the spread into cities 25 million people died in the next several years, 1/4 to 1/3 of the population of Europe  Population rebounded within 200 years

48. Spread of Bubonic Plague

49. The Black Death Victims “ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors in paradise” -Geovanni Boccaccio

50. Impact of the Bubonic Plague Profound impact on manorial economy  Labor became scarce in some places  Tenants, rent payers, made gains as feudal obligations were lowered  Some serfs were freed to keep them from running away to better opportunities  Wages rose in towns to keep workers happy “The path to the Industrial Revolution began with the Black Death. The population fall increased labor mobility by creating many vacant farms, and that mobility undermined serfdom.” - Robert Allen

51. Hundred Years War (1337-1453) A series of periodic military campaigns between England and France New technology  Crossbows, longbows, pikes, firearms, and cannons  Castles & knights outdated Monarchs maintain permanent militaries Burning of Joan of Arc, 1431

52. Italian Renaissance Started in Italy during the 13 th century  Why Italy?  Urban Growth & Wealth  Merchant Class Values  Classical Heritage Main Idea: humanism  Study of human beings and human potential  Celebration of human life  Many different approaches to humanism It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both.