1. Judaism, Christianity, Islam

2. 58% -Universal Religion 26% - Ethnic Religion 16% - None 84% - Belief in some religion Religious belief continues to play a strong role in people’s live.

3. Universalizing Religions Attempt to have a global appeal to all people Islam – 1.5 billion Christianity - 2.1 billion Buddhism – 376 million Classical (500 – 1500) Large multi-ethnic empires Help to unite Ethnic Religions Appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place Hinduism – 900 million Judaism – 14 million Ancient (5000-500) Small, semi-isolated groups of people Creates since of identity Usually tied to a particular location

4. Atheism –belief that God does not exist Agnosticism – belief that nothing can be known about the existence of God.

5. Branch – A large fundamental division with in a religion (Catholic vs. Protestant) Denomination – A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a legal and administrative body (Lutheran, Episcopalian, Baptist, etc.) Sect – Relatively small group that has broken way from a denomination (Westboro Baptist Church, Branch Davidians) Considered more common with universalizing religions

6. Hearth Emerged in the Levant (Mesopotamia) between 3,000 – 4,000 years ago Core Israel (2 nd largest Jewish Population (6.3 million) 1 st largest Jewish Population – USA (6.8) Law of Return – estimated 21.7 million people

7. 2000 BCE Abraham 1500 BCE Egyptian Captivity & Exodus 1000 BCE Kingdom of Israel

8. 722 BCE Assyrian Defeat 600 BCE Nebuchadnezzar & the Babylonian Captivity 539 BCE Rise of the Persian Empire & Return to the Holy Land

9. Same religion as that of the Ancient Hebrews, but no longer exclusively tied to the Temple Leads to scribes and teachers who interpret the Hebrew Bible (Torah – 1 st five books) 1-70 CE – the beginning of the building of Synagogues, observe a cycle of prayer and festivals …the Temple is no longer the center of all Jewish life Found teaching academies to debate and discuss God’s law--Hillel

10. Passover -And this day shall become a memorial for you, and you shall observe it as a festival for the L-RD, for your generations, as an eternal decree shall you observe it. For seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, but on the first day you shall remove the leaven from your homes... you shall guard the unleavened bread, because on this very day I will take you out of the land of Egypt; you shall observe this day for your generations as an eternal decree. - Exodus 12:14-17 Rosh Hashanah- 1 st & 2 nd days of Tishri, usually referred to as the Jewish New Year Yom Kippur - On the 10 th day of Tishri, it is the “Day of Atonement” when people fast, refrain from work and attend synagogue Tisha B’Av- 9 th day of Av, commemorates several bad events/days in Jewish History Hannakuh – commemorates the rededication of the Temple in 164 BCE

11. Holocaust  World War II (Hitler, Germany)  Jews were forced out of towns to live in ghetto ’ s or work in concentration camps Causing diaspora  a dispersion of a people from their original homeland Resulting in  the spread of Judaism to other parts of the world (ie. United States)

12. Kosher (Derived from Hebrew word Kaf-Shin-Resh, meaning fit, proper, correct) Kosher Laws/rules : 1) Certain animals may not be eaten at all. This restriction includes the flesh, organs, eggs, and milk of the forbidden animals (camel, rock badger, hare, pig) 2) Of the animals that may be eaten, the birds and mammals must be killed in accordance with Jewish law: a)All blood must be drained from the meat or broiled out of it before it is eaten b)Certain parts of permitted animals may not be eaten c) Meat (the flesh of birds and mammals) cannot be eaten with dairy. Fish, eggs, fruits, vegetables, and grains can be eaten with either meat or dairy d) Utensils that have come into contact with meat may not be used with dairy, and vice versa. Utensils that have come into contact with non-Kosher food may not be used with kosher food. This applies only where the contact occurred while the food was hot e) Grape products made by non-Jewish people may not be eaten

13. The Torah: both men and women have covenant with god however, the covenant was worded in such a way that it bound men to act upon its requirements and to ensure that the members of their household (wives, children, and slaves) met these requirements as well. In this sense, the covenant bound women as well, though indirectly. [1] [1] Marriage and family law in biblical times favored men over women. A husband could divorce a wife if he chose to, but a wife could not divorce a husband without his consent Laws concerning the loss of female virginity have no male equivalent. These and other gender differences found in the Torah suggest that women were subordinate to men during biblical times, however, they also suggest that biblical society viewed continuity, property, and family unity as paramount. However, men had specific obligations they were required to perform for their wives. These included the provision of clothing, food, and sexual relations to their wives. [2] [2] Women also had a role in ritual life. Women and men were required to make a pilgrimage to the temple in Jerusalem once a year and offer the Passover sacrifice. Women depended on men economically. Women generally did not own property except in the rare case of inheriting land from a father who didn't bear sons. Even "in such cases, women would be required to remarry within the tribe so as not to reduce its land holdings." [ [

14. Cultural Landscape: subtle & unobtrusive The Synagogue Chief institution: provides religious, educational, cultural and social programs mid to large communities will have more than one congregation Children learn through religious classes and youth groups annual financial commitment (dues) to synagogue congregation open to all Primary means of connectedness

15. Holiest spot in Jewish life Rome destroyed it in 70 C. E. and only the outer wall remained Tension with Muslims because of two mosques Custom of inserting written prayers into cracks Attempt to level mosques would lead to an international holy war

16. Jewish Death Rituals according to Jewish law  The body of the deceased is washed thoroughly embalming is not permitted, the coffins are constructed so that the body will be returned to the Earth as soon as possible. coffins are made of pine wood, and have no metal parts at all (wooden pegs are used in the place of nails deceased is buried in a simple pine coffin) -mourning for 7 days (Shiva)

17. 2. 1 billion, or 33% of the world’s population Hearth- the Levant or Rome Core – the West… though increasingly moving to the Global South

18. Paul’s Journey’s

19. 313 CE Constantine issues the Edict of Milan 325 CE Council of Nicea: Establishes theology, books of the New Testament, etc. 392 CE Theodosius declares Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

20. North America - Protestant(Canada & US) and Catholic (Mexico) Central and South America - Catholic Most European countries - Orthodox (E. Europe), Catholic (South), and Protestant (North & Central) Some Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia - Protestant Russian- Eastern Orthodox (Ethiopia & Egypt –Coptic)

21. There is one God Though God is one God, God exists in three distinct persons: God the Father, the Son of God (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. This is called the Trinity. Jesus Christ was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit, was resurrected, and will come again to judge humanity to determine how they spend eternity, whether in Heaven or Hell There is one true church Baptism is required for the forgiveness of sins All humankind will be resurrected (brought back to life after being dead) There are seven sacraments

22. There are three Divine Persons in God, distinct yet equal (similar to Trinity) There are seven Sacraments God assigned to every man an angel to help guide him Veneration of icons is worshipping the people they represent, not the icons themselves God knows which road a man will take, but does not predestine Him Virgin Mary in Orans pose

23. There are 4 fundamental beliefs: Christ alone: Only Christ is the mediator between God and man. (Other religions teach that Mary, priests, etc. can mediate between God and man.) Scripture alone: The Bible is the only rule of faith, and personal interpretation is as valid as official interpretation. Faith alone: Every believer is a priest and obtains reconciliation with God through faith in Jesus Christ and no other. Grace alone: Salvation is a gift from God dispensed through Jesus Christ, regardless of merit, for no one deserves salvation. (Works, whether good or bad, have no effect.) Note: beliefs within Orthodoxy and Protestant churches vary because neither church has a central authority.

24. Early Christians were a patriarchal societies that placed men in positions of authority in marriage, society and government. According to the New Testament, Christ appointed only male apostles. From early centuries, women were not ordained to the priesthood (There are no female cardinals or bishops) Christianity developed the convent, through which women, as religious sisters and nuns could be active—particularly in the establishment of schools, hospitals, nursing homes and monastic settlements. Modern Protestants are becoming more relaxed and we see female pastors, but most high level positions are predominated by males.

25. Protestant - very plain, house of worship Orthodox - very bright, ornate St. Basil Cathedral, Moscow Catholic - very grandios, god resides in cathedral… should instill fear St.Peters Church, Ireland

26. buried (not exclusively) headstones may include crosses or verses from the Bible. historically, the head should be placed at the western end of the grave, this mirrors the layout of Christian churches and for the same reason, to view the coming of Christ

27. 2 nd largest religion – 1.5 billion people, Hearth – Mecca, Arabian Peninsula Core – Middle East & North Africa Fastest growing religious population in the world Most Muslims live in Asia Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world

29. Islam – submission to the will of Allah (God) Muslim – One who surrenders to Allah Quran (to recite/proclaim) –Holy Book & unquestioned guide on both religious and secular matters Hadith – Stories of his life, words, and deeds written by his close followers and family (4,000) Major Branches – Sunni, Shiite, Sufi

30. 570 CE Muhammad is born in Mecca 595 CE Marries the wealthy widow Khadija (Has 4 daughters with her) 610 CE Interrupted by the Angel Gabriel while meditating

31. 622 CE Hijra (or year 1 on the Muslim Calendar) Muhammad moves to Medina 624 CE War against Mecca 632 CE Muhammad dies (beginning of the first Caliphate)

32. There is one God- Allah In Arabic, Allah means “ the God ” Mohammed the Prophet is said to have completed the work of Moses, David and Jesus Surrendering to the will of Allah united the faithful into a brotherhood that has no concern with race, color, or caste Caste- social level, occupation The five pillars leads to a completed life The Qur ’ an is the holy book The mosque is the holy place to worship

33. The five pillars are the central belief of the Islamic life and how they should live. Shanadah – the declaration of faith to Allah Salat – Prayers five times daily Zakat – Welfare contributions to the poor Sawm –The month of Ramadan fast Hajj - A Pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

34. (Noun) – struggle (41x) Personal call of the individual, an internal spiritual struggle to live Islam as fully as possible “The best jihad is by the one who strives against his own self for Allah, The Mighty and Majestic.” (Hadith)* System of checks and balances And did not Allah check one set of people by means of another” 2:251 War or struggle against unbelievers Those permitted to fight: “They are those who have been expelled from their homes in defiance of right, for no cause except that they say, ‘Our Lord is Allah.’” 22:40

35. Aisha, Mother of the Believers, Muhammad’s favorite wife narrated 2210 Hadiths, considered a great scholar of Islam, daughter of the 1 st Caliph (Abu Bakr), only individual to question Muhammad or his revelations “It seems to me that your Lord hastens to satisfy your desire” His only virgin wife, betrothed 6, married at 10, never able to have children Possible adultery leads to the revelation that there must be 4 witnesses to a crime In total Muhammad had 13 wives. Hijab – “Tell the faithful women to lower their gaze and guard their private parts and not display their beauty except what is apparent of it, and to extend their scarf to cover their bosom.” 24:31

36. The Shiites believed in the fourth caliph, the son-in-law of the prophet Some of their enforcers: Ethna Ashari Ja ’ fari Ismaeli Druze The Sunnis hold the majority of the Islamic population. They claim that they are Mohammed's rightful successors Recognize first 3 caliphs Prominent in countries except Iraq, Iran, Bahrain, and some of Yemen Some of their enforcers are: Maliki Hanabali Shafi ’ ie Hanafi

37. *While neither the Qur'an nor the Hadith specifies separate roles for female believers, Islamic law (Sharia) and practice recognize gender disparity, in part, by assigning separate rights and obligations. In many Islamic societies, a woman’s space is in the private of the home, and a man’s is in the public sphere. Women must primarily fulfill marital and maternal responsibilities, whereas men are financial and administrative stewards of their families. According scholarly analysis, the Qur'an "gives the man the right of 'guardianship' or 'superiority' over the family structure in order to prevent dissension and friction between the spouses. The equity of this system lies in the fact that God both favored the man with the necessary qualities and skills for the 'guardianship' and also charged him with the duty to provide for the structure's upkeep."

38. The Mosque is the place of worship It is also the community club house, meeting hall, and school On Fridays, it is mandatory for all males to visit for a communal service Is made with: Perfectly proportioned domes (tiled or gilded) Tall towers Minarets- call to prayer and The more minarets, the higher the status of the mosque

39. Muslims practice natural burial, with the deceased's body covered in shroud and with the face facing Mecca, the holiest city in Islam