1. BTEC National Children's Play, Learning & Development Unit 1: Child Development Pre-natal and biological factors Helen Taylor Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 1

2. Starter Activity  What Prenatal Factors (During Pregnancy) might affect the growth and later development of children?  Draw a mind map or list as many factors as you can think of.  Discuss with other learners on your table.  You may use the internet to help you. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 2

3. Aims for this lesson: To understand how a range of factors influences children’s development Learning outcomes for this lesson: To describe what is meant by pre-natal factors To describe what is meant by biological factors To describe some biological conditions To describe how these factors might affect the growth and later development of children and restrict a child’s opportunities to play and learn. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 3

4. Feedback from Starter Activity  What Prenatal Factors (During Pregnancy) might affect the growth and later development of children? Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 4

5. Prenatal Factors (During Pregnancy) that might affect the growth and later development of children.  Pre-natal factors: maternal health, maternal diet and lifestyle choices  These may affect the growth and later development of children.  Babies born before 37 weeks. These are often described as preterm or premature. They may take time to reach developmental norms. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 5

6. Prenatal Factors (During Pregnancy) that might affect the growth and later development of children. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 6  Prescription Drugs (e.g. Thalidomide and anti-epilepsy drugs)  Diet: Poor diet; Lack of essential nutrients, e.g. lack of folic acid is linked to Spina bifida  High Blood pressure (Hypertension) > Pre- eclampsia  Contaminant's passed through the placenta, e. g. unpasteurised foods can lead to listeria.  Excess Alcohol > Foetal Alcohol Syndrome  Maternal Illness, e.g. Rubella & chicken pox > sensory impairment  Smoking  Illegal Drugs  X-rays  Lead & Mercury The foetus is very vulnerable especially in the first few weeks.

7. Small group activity  What Natal Factors (During the process of Birth) might affect the growth and later development of children?  What Post-Natal Factors (After Birth) might affect the growth and later development of children?  Draw two mind maps or list as many factors as you can think of.  Discuss with other learners on your table.  You may use the internet to help you. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 7

8. Feedback from group activity  What Natal Factors (During the process of Birth) might affect the growth and later development of children? Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 8

9. Natal Factors (During the process of Birth) that might affect the growth and later development of children.  Prematurity – associated lung conditions e.g. bronchopulmonary dysplasia  Birth injuries – e.g. cord around the neck or Lack of oxygen (asphyxia/anoxia) > may lead to cerebral palsy. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 9

10. Feedback from group activity  What Post-Natal Factors (After Birth) might affect the growth and later development of children? Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 10

11. Post-Natal Factors (After Birth) that might affect the growth and later development of children.  Illness, e.g. Meningitis > hearing impairments; Polio > severe muscle weakness  Accidents > can result in brain injury, paraplegia or quadriplegia.  Non-accidental injury/child abuse, e.g. severely shaking a baby > brain damage.  Physical Environment - Pollution, damp, chemicals, allergens > asthma, allergies, poor health  Human Environment – Stress, aggression, parenting style > emotional & behavioural problems.  Non-diagnosis of preventable conditions e.g. Thyroid deficiency, Phenylketonuria, Rhesus factor.  Strokes – the blood supply to the brain is cut off damaging cells in the brain. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 11

12. Small group activity  What do we mean by biological factors?  Why might biological factors impact on a child’s development and restrict a child’s opportunities to play and learn?  Draw a mind map or list as many factors as you can think of.  Discuss with other learners on your table.  You may use the internet to help you. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 12

13. Feedback from group activity  What do we mean by biological factors? Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 13

14. What do we mean by biological factors? Our bodies are made up of billions of cells. Each cell has a nucleus. It controls the functions of the cell. Each cell nucleus also contains our chromosomes, the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which is the ‘blueprint’ of what we inherit from our parents, such as the characteristics and other information such as hair and eye colour. Humans have 46 or 23 pairs of chromosomes in every cell of their body. We receive half our chromosomes from our mother and half from our father. Two chromosomes in every cell are called sex chromosomes, as they determine the sex the individual will be; females are XX and males are XY. Chromosomes are made up of hundreds of genes, dominant and recessive. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 14

15. What do we mean by biological factors? Sometimes a chromosome or gene may be abnormal at the time of fertilization or sometimes things go wrong during the process of cell division. Sometimes there are too many chromosomes, sometimes too few, sometimes they are damaged and sometimes they are rearranged. Chromosome abnormalities account for a large proportion of abnormalities and disorders in newborn babies; they can also result in spontaneous miscarriages. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 15

16. What do we mean by biological factors? Either passed down to the child via one or both parents, or caused by a fault occurring at conception linked to specific chromosome and/or genes.  Downs Syndrome – A range of specific physical characteristics, learning difficulties and some medical conditions. Caused by ‘Trisomy’ of Chromosome 21, an extra chromosome on chromosome 21.  Muscular Dystrophy – The most common type is Duchenne, the cause linked to the X chromosome, so only affects boys.  Cystic Fibrosis – Abnormally thick mucus is produced by the body, which creates difficulty with lung function and digestion. Caused by a recessive gene, so both parents are usually carriers.  Sickle Cell Disorders – an inherited blood disorder, caused by a recessive gene, so both parents are usually carriers. It is prevalent amongst people of African or Caribbean decent.  Fragile X Syndrome – an X linked disorder where the X chromosome is slightly damaged. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 16

17. Feedback from group activity  Why might biological factors impact on a child’s development and restrict a child’s opportunities to play and learn? Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 17

18. Why biological factors might impact on a child’s development and restrict a child’s opportunities to play and learn.  Biological factors may impact on any area of development: Physical, Intellectual, Language/Communication, Emotional and Social development may be affected.  As we saw last week these area all inter-related.  Disabilities or other conditions or delays can affect how a child plays, the kinds of play the child engages in, and the child's ability to use play in order to learn.  Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 18

19. Small group research: Developmental and other childhood disorders.  Research one or more disorders. What is the disorder?  How might growth and later development and development be affected?  How might the condition impact on a child’s development and restrict a child’s opportunities to play and learn?  What areas of development might be affected in for each disorder and why.  You can carry out this task in the library, drop-in or classroom, using books or the internet (including your phone).  Be prepared to feedback from your research to the rest of the class. This can be in a power point presentation or poster/other form of presentation. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 19

20. Choose a condition to research from the list below:  Premature Babies  Fragile X Syndrome  Downs Syndrome  Foetal Alcohol Syndrome  Cystic Fibrosis  Muscular Dystrophy Extension Tasks:  Research a second or third disorder.  Prepare questions to ask other groups about the disorder they have researched. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 20

21. Extension Tasks:  Research in more detail how maternal health, diet and lifestyle can affect growth and later development.  Research how severe epilepsy and/or severe asthma can affect development. Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 21

22. Reflect on learning outcomes  Can you describe what is meant by pre-natal factors?  Can you describe what is meant by biological factors?  Can you describe some biological conditions?  Can you describe how these factors might affect the growth and later development of children and restrict a child’s opportunities to play and learn? Unit 1, Session 3. Helen Taylor 22