1. Review ECOLOGY

2. 1.Compare the terms abiotic and biotic. List two examples for abiotic factors. List two examples for biotic factors. ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC ARE BOTH TERMS THAT ARE USED TO DESCRIBE THE ELEMENTS OF ECOSYSTEMS. EXAMPLES OF ABIOTIC INCLUDE WATER AND AIR. BIOTIC FACTORS INCLUDE LIVING AND ONCE LIVING ORGANISMS

3. 2.Draw a food chain that includes four trophic levels. Label each trophic level. Next, label the producer, 1st order consumer, 2nd order consumer, 3rd order consumer…..

4. 3.List the levels of organization from smallest to largest. Give an example for each of the 9 levels. Cell - smallest structure in an organism Ex: Muscular Cell Tissue - group of cells working together with a similar function Ex: Skin Tissue Organ - group of tissues working together with a similar function Ex: Lungs Organ System - group of organs that work together Ex: Nervous System Organism - All Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems within a body Ex: Human Population - A group of the same species of organisms Ex: A town of People Community - Populations of different species of organisms Ex: All human races Ecosystem - Groups of Communities that live within the same area Ex: A Forest Biome - A collection of ecosystems with the same climate Ex: Rainforest Biosphere - All biomes on Earth

5. 4.How do food webs differ from food chains? Draw your answer. A food web differs from a food chain in that it includes all the organisms whose feeding habits are related in some way or another to those of other organisms. A food chain is a single series of organisms in which each plant or animal depends on the organism above or below it.

6. 5.Define the term Carbon Cycle. Explain the major flow of carbon in an ecosystem. Next, define the term Water Cycle. Describe the flow of water through an ecosystem. Lastly, describe the term Nitrogen Cycle. Draw an example for each of the three cycles. The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

7. 5. Next, define the term Water Cycle. Describe the flow of water through an ecosystem. The Water Cycle (hydrologic cycle) is the journey water takes as it circulates from the land to the sky and back again.

8. 5. Lastly, describe the term Nitrogen Cycle. Draw an example The nitrogen cycle is the process by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms

9. 6.Give an example of a habitat. Give an example of a Niche. Next, write a statement that compares habitat and niche. A habitat is where the organism lives; desert, jungle, ocean etc. Many organisms can live in the same habitat. The niche is the organisms role within the habitat.

10. 7.Define the term Ecology. Write the equation for photosynthesis. Write the equation for cellular respiration. Which cycle from number 5 includes both of these processes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Ecology - study of interactions among organisms with each other and their environment Write the equation for photosynthesis. Write the equation for cellular respiration. RESPIRATION C6H12O6 + 6O2------>6CO2 + 6H2O+ATP

11. 8.What is the major role of decomposers in an ecosystem for organic waste? List three kingdoms of living things that include decomposers. main role of decomposers is to recycle nutrients in dead organisms and their wastes. Without the decomposers, there could be no life, since plants would then run out of nutrients. Kingdoms include bacteria, fungi and some protists

12. 9.What does the term primary producer mean? Why is the word primary not needed in the description? Give an example of a primary producer. Give an example of a 1st level consumer that feeds on algae. Give an example of a 2nd level consumer that feeds on this 1st level consumer. Primary producers are organisms in an ecosystem that produce biomass from inorganic compounds (autotrophs). Examples:plants, cyanobacteria, algae 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th

13. 10.What can producers do that is so important to consumers? What are the two main resources gained by consumers from producers? Give an example. Producers make glucose by photosynthesis and must be consumed by consumers to make ATP Producers are responsible for raw materials used to make ATP. Sugar and Oxygen are the two main resources. EX. Small fish eat algae

14. 11.Define the following: Carnivore, Herbivore, and Omnivore. List an example for each. Herbivores are those animals, such as deer and koalas, that only eat plant material. Omnivores are those animals, such as bears and humans, that can eat a variety of food sources, but tend to prefer one type to another. While most carnivores, such as cats, eat only meat, facultative carnivores, such as dogs, behave more like omnivores as they can eat plant matter along with meat.

15. 12. Define the term symbiosis. List four types of symbiotic relationships. Define each word then list two examples for each type. Symbiosis - two different organisms living in close physical association Commensalism is a type of relationship where one of the organisms benefits greatly from the symbiosis. Ex. Deer/turkey Mutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit ex. Lichen (algae + fungi) Parasitism – one benefits, other is harmed. Ex. Tapeworm/dog

16. 13.What is meant by “mimicry”? List two examples of mimicry. close external resemblance of an animal or plant (or part of one) to another animal, plant, or inanimate object

17. 14.Draw a food web that includes Barn owls and Field mice.

18. 15.Compare decomposers to scavengers. Give an example for each. DECOMPOSERS AND SCAVENGERS ARE SIMILAR BECAUSE THEY CONSUME DEAD ORGANIC MATERIALS. ANIMALS THAT EAT DEAD ANIMALS ARE CALLED SCAVENGERS. THEY REDUCE ORGANIC MATERIAL INTO SMALLER PIECES THESE SMALLER PIESCES ARE EATEN BY DECOMPOSERS. DECOMPOSER BREAK THEM DOWN INTO THEIR CHEMICAL PARTS

19. 16.What is term given to all living species in a given area at a particular time? List an example of a population. POPULATION EX. POPULATION OF WHITE TAILED DEER ON APRIL 15, 2015 IN SOMERSET COUNTY

20. 17.Draw and label a pyramid with producers, 1st order consumer, 2nd order consumer, 3rd order consumer.

21. 18.When does population growth occur? (use the graphing exercise to help answer the question POPULATION GROWTH OCCURS WHEN THE BIRTH RATE EXCEDES THE DEATH RATE. LIMITING FACTORS HELP POPULATIONS ACHIEVE CARRYING CAPACITY EX. WOLVES AND DEER

22. 19.List 3 examples of predator/prey relationships.

23. 20.List 4 examples of defense mechanisms used by animals. Camo Mimicry Thorns Chemicals Waxy leaves

24. 21.Define the term competition. Give two examples.. competition is when different animals that live in the same geographic area (sympatric species) compete for the same set of resources