1. Chapter 3 Human Development

2. When I was your age…. What will you be doing 10 years from now? Try to picture what you will look like Do you look like you do now? Most of us tend to think what and where we are not (the present) Adolescence, adulthood, etc.

3. Patterns of Development Rates of Development We all experience development at different rates Some kids before others

4. General Principles 1. Development Follows a Predictable Patterns Develop control of eye, then turn the head, then trunks, finally arms, hands, legs and feet 2. The individual 1 st develop general responses then proceeds to specific responses EX: reaching for a toy The babies will use entire body to reach it, then eventually just using the arm, hand, or fingers

5. 3. It is a lifelong continuous process Each person must go through states, however, this does not mean that each state appears at the same time for every person 4. Each stage has unique features Can be expressed differently depending on the culture EX: rebellion during adolescence does not necessarily appear in ALL cultures 5. Early development can be more important than later development EX: walking, talking, etc.

6. Patterns of Development Critical Period – time period when a person may learn a behavior easily Before or after, the behavior is more difficult to learn EX: C.P. for language – birth – 6 years EX: C.P. for bonding – 1 st few hours after birth Sensitive period

7. Study of Development Observations Longitudinal method Studying someone over a long period of time Time consuming, expensive, hard to keep in touch, atypical Cross-Sectional Method People of different ages Reduces the amount of time

8. Physical Development Growth of an individual’s body Height and weight Greatest % of growth in early stages Height: pre-school years Age 3: person is ½ as tall as he/she will be Girls grow faster until around 13 Average man is 3-5” taller Weight Fastest weight gain is in the first year of life

9. Effects on Personality Attitude of others will have on effect on the personality development Early-maturing males: more self-confident and independent Late-maturing males: could have more difficult time adjusting EX: less likely to play sports or excel at them

10. Effects on Personality Early-maturing female vs. late-maturing female Effects aren’t as great Both have a sense of prestige

11. Motor Development Motor Development: Control of muscles in the body Related to making social contacts EX: learning to walk or run Awkward or coordinated Dependent or independent

12. Motor Development Motor Development in a Baby Head Repeat facial features, follow object with eyes Trunk Turn over completely Limbs Grasp then pick up objects

13. Motor Development In Childhood Slows but continues In adolescence Increases rapidly In the mid 20s – Middle Age Increase then decline In Old Age Rapid decline; can still perform tasks but not at the same speed

14. Motor Development Hand-Eye Coordination Must a person be able to see their hands and arms to learn to reach for something?

15. Language Development Certain common features everyone uses Does not have to be all the same All have certain rules and arrangements All consist of sounds or symbols that have specific meanings

16. Language Development Do animals have language? Honeybees perform a dance, chimpanzees can learn sign language United Streaming: Concepts in Nature: Animal Communication

17. Language Development In humans… Stage 1: 1 st cries, coughs, and gurgles Stage 2: babies’ cries vary in lengths and tones Stage 3: babbling sounds, similar to vowels Stage 4: formal part of language develops

18. Language Development How do children learn language? Reward, learning, and biology NOT just repeating words that we have heard before You cannot use a sentence without understanding its meaning Parents are more likely to correct mispronounced words than bad grammar EX: “that a ball” vs. “that a all”

19. Language Development Learning vs. Innate Ability (built-in ability) Infants in different countries make similar sounds EX: Chinese, French, German, American babies make the same sounds Deaf babies make the same sounds Innate biological factors

20. Emotional Development Individual's awareness and expression of an emotional experience Plays a role in how well you get along with others Unhappy vs. happy

21. Emotional Development What emotions are present at birth? None can be determined 1 day old: tell the difference between real and fake Distress and delight “Stanger Anxiety” 9 months – choose mother over a stranger

22. Emotional Development How does it change with age? EX: young children will throw temper tantrums Middle Age – less aggressive and hostile Elderly – can be brought on by the world

23. Emotional Development Fear as a common emotion Changes with age Infants fear nothing…why? Increased understanding in the environments causes fears to lessen or change

24. Social Development Learning to act and live in society Occurs through association with others Social habits, customs, what is right and wrong, how to get along with others

25. Social Development When does it appear? Infants respond to faces Babies recognize and respond to people and others Preschool: 3 stages 1. Dependence 2. Resistance 3. Cooperation

26. Social Development Social Changes during the early school years Conflicting ideas when entering school Adopt standards of age group Choose to play with kids of the same sex

27. Social Development Adolescents Growing out of childhood Strive to be independent Increased interest in members of the opposite sex Stages of development 1. Hero-Worship 2. Puppy love 3. Romantic love

28. Intellectual Development Development of one’s mental abilities Based on results of IQ tests Piaget: WHY is more importance that what was given

29. Intellectual Development 4 stages: 1. Sensory motor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational

30. Intellectual Development 1. Sensory Motor Senses, muscles Can bring changes to the environment Understanding is limited Objects still exist even if they can’t see them

31. Intellectual Development Preoperational Symbols and language Lacks organization Self-centered Concrete operational Logical thinking Quantities remain the same even if shape changes

32. Intellectual Development Formal Operational No longer self-centered Still concerned with own problems Combine various pieces of information to solve problems

33. Worksheet: How does development change with age?

34. Moral Development Individual develops the knowledge of what is right and wrong

35. Moral Development Measuring moral development “moral dilemmas” The right way to behave in a particular situation

36. Moral Development 6 stages 1. Avoiding punishment 2. Rewards 3. Pleasing or displeasing others 4. Respect for authority and citizenship 5. Welfare of community 6. Principles of justice