2. Please take out a piece of paper and complete the following: 1.Write down the vocabulary word and definition.2 2. Choose ONE of these options and complete it. –Draw a picture that illustrates/explains the vocabulary word. –Rewrite the definition in your own words. –Write a sentence that includes the term and the information from the definition. Reticular Activating System (Reticular Formation or RAS)  The alertness control center of the brain that regulates the activity level of the body. Please turn in this week’s DMAs PSYCH. DMA

3.  DMA/turn in  History of Psych  Guided notes Homework  Study for Unit I Test – Thursday, Mar. 8th TODAY’S AGENDA

4. Everyone needs a handout HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

5. One of the youngest sciences, psychology did not emerge as a formal discipline until the late 19th century. ORIGINS

6. However for centuries philosophers and religious scholars have wondered about the nature of the mind and the soul. Thus, the history of psychological thought begins in philosophy. ORIGINS

7.  600 to 300 BC  Inquired about a wide range of psychological topics.  Nature of knowledge  How people come to know and understand the world.  Pleasure and pain  Motivation  Memory  Rationalization GREEK PHILOSOPHERS

8.  Considered the causes of mental illness.  Many believed that it was the result of supernatural causes.  Socrates and Plato focused on psychological forces as the cause of mental disturbances.  Believed that “madness” results when a person’s irrational, animal-like mind overwhelms the intellectual, rational mind. OTHER ANCIENT THEORIES….

9.  Galen (Greek physician)  Believed in a psychological basis for mental illness  He thought they resulted from an imbalance of the four bodily humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm.  For example, Galen thought that melancholia (depression) resulted from a person having too much black bile. MORE THEORIES….

10. Galen

11.  1600s – Descartes  Theorized that the body and mind are separate entities.  He regarded the body as a physical entity and the mind as a spiritual entity, and believed the two interacted only through the pineal gland.  dualism. AND EVEN MORE THEORIES…

12. Descartes

13.  Thomas Hobbes and John Locke  Argued that all human experiences are physical processes occurring within the brain and nervous system.  Sensations  Images  Thoughts  Feelings  This view became know as monism (the mind and body are the same) THOSE WHO DISAGREED WITH DESCARTES…

14.  Is human knowledge inborn or is it the product of experience?  Nativists –believed that certain elementary truths are innate to the human mind.  Empiricists – believed that at birth a person’s mind is like a “blank slate” and all knowledge comes from experience. HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

15.  Scientists began to study stimuli and sensation.  Darwin – believed that animals and humans evolved physically and behaviorally.  Doctors began to link language and the brain.  Also began to study the nature of mental disorders. PHYSIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ROOTS

16. Darwin

17.  Phrenology  Developed by Franz Joseph Gall.  Theory that every part of the head represents a different action, emotion, etc…  By feeling someone’s head you could discover the source of his/her problems. PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC THEORY

18. Phrenology Model

19.  Mesmerism  Developed by Franz Anton Mesmer.  Believed that illness was caused by an imbalance of magnetic fluids in the body.  Waved a magnetic wand over a person’s body until he/she fell into a trance.  Early forerunner of modern hypnosis. PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC THEORY

20. Mesmer

21.  Dosing in cold water.  Rotating (sometimes chained to a chair).  Restriction of movements.  Placing cage-like box upon head.  Prison.  Asylums. EARLY TREATMENT METHODS

22.  Believed to be “mad”, “possessed”, “touched in the head” “to have weak character”, etc…  Often seen as an outcast and someone to be avoided. SOCIAL PERCEPTIONS OF THE MENTALLY ILL

23. Early Treatment Methods

24.  1879 – Wilhelm Wundt established a lab devoted to the study of the mind.  Structuralism – discover the basic elements of consciousness.  Objective sensations (sight, taste, etc…)  Subjective feelings (emotional responses, mental images).  Goal was “to mark out a new domain of science”.  Scientists flocked to his lab. PSYCHOLOGY BECOMES A SCIENCE

25.  Systematic  Rigorous observation  Introspection WUNDT’S METHODS

26. Wundt

27.  William James  Trained in physiology and medicine.  Functionalism – how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment.  Published Principles of Psychology.  Stream of consciousness  Formation of habits  Individuality  Link between mind and body  Emotions  The self THE FATHER OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY

28. James

29. John Watson  Behaviorism  Psychology must focus upon observable, recordable data. B.F. Skinner  Reinforcement  Reward / punishment modifies behavior. Sigmund Freud  Psychoanalysis  Unconscious motives and internal conflicts shape behavior. IMPORTANT PSYCHOLOGISTS