1. Life Science Chapter 4 The cell in action

2. Diffusion The movement from areas of high concentration (crowded) to areas of low concentration (less crowded) Do not need energy

3. Osmosis Diffusion of water through cell membranes

4. Semipermeable Only certain substances can pass through

5. Channels Passageways in the cell membrane that allow small particles to pass through

6. 2 types of particle transport 1.Passive 2.Active

7. Passive transport The movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of energy

8. Active transport A process of transporting particles that requires the cell to use energy

9. Moving large particles into cell ENDOCYTOSIS The cell comes into Contact with A particle The cell membrane Begins to wrap around The particle Once the particle Is completely Surrounded, a vesicle Pinches off

10. Moving large particles out of the cell EXOCYTOSIS Large particles that Must leave the cell Are packaged in vesicles The vesicle travels To the cell Membrane and fuses With it The cell Releases the Particle to the Outside of the cell ???

11. Endocytosis The active transport process by which a cell surrounds a large particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell

12. Exocytosis An active transport process to remove large particles from the cell

13. Photosynthesis A process that the plants use to capture energy from the sun

14. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

15. In this process plants use the carbon dioxide and water with a little bit of sunlight to make glucose (a simple sugar) and oxygen…. Good thing that plants have their own way of pooing!!!

16. Pigments Main pigment in a plant cell is chlorophyll Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts These pigments absorb light energy

17. Two ways animals get energy from food 1.Cellular respiration 2.Fermentation

18. Respiration Means breathing

19. Breathing This is not cellular respiration Breathing only takes in oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide (our waste) Cellular respiration is a chemical process taking place in the cells

20. Cellular respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP)

21. Glucose is broken down with the use of oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and energy (released as body temperature) ATP is the energy released That energy supplies most of the cells activities

22. ATP Adenosine triphosphate

23. Most of the cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells takes place in the cell membrane Eukaryotic cells have the process take place in the mitochondria

24. What is the connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

25. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) Opposite with the exception of light energy being used by plants and ATP in food consumption

26. Fermentation Two kinds of fermentation: –One happens in muscles and produces lactic acid (buildup causes muscle fatigue and causes burning sensation) –Second kind happens in bacteria and yeast

27. Cell cycle The life cycle of the cell

28. Begins when the cell is formed and ends when the cell divides and forms new cells

29. DNA Hereditary material that controls all cell activities including making of new cells

30. Chromosomes DNA of a cell is organized into chromosomes

31. Cell cycle makes copies of DNA By copying chromosomes each new cell will be an exact copy of its parent cell

32. Prokaryotic cells Cells with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles Less complex than eukaryotic Cell division is called binary fission

33. Binary fission Results in two cells that each contain one copy of the circle of DNA Means splitting into two parts

34. Eukaryotic cells Cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles More complex than prokaryotic cells Chromosomes contain more DNA Different kinds of eukaryotic cells have different numbers of chromosomes The more complex organisms do not necessarily have more chromosomes

35. Fruit flies have 8 chromosomes Potatoes have 48 chromosomes Humans have 46 chromosomes These chromosomes pair up with each other so we have 23 pairs of chromosomes

36. Homologous chromosomes Pairs of similar chromosomes

37. Eukaryotic cell cycle Has three stages –Interphase –Mitosis –Cytokinesis

38. Interphase Cell grows and copies organelles and chromosomes After duplication the chromosomes are called chromatids Chromatids are held together with a centromere Joined chromatids twist and coil condensing into an “X” shape

39. Mitosis Four steps –Prophase –Metaphase –Anaphase –Telophase

40. Prophase Mitosis begins here Nuclear membrane dissolves Chromosomes condense into rodlike structures

41. Metaphase Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell Homologous chromosomes pair up

42. Anaphase Chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell

43. Telophase Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes Chromosomes unwind Mitosis is complete with this phase

44. Cytokinesis Without cell walls (animals and other eukaryotes) the division of the cytoplasm begins at the cell membrane where it begins to pinch inward to form a groove the eventually pinches all the way through the cell forming two daughter cells

45. Cytokinesis means the division of cytoplasm

46. Eukaryotes with a cell wall form a cell plate in the middle of the cell Cell plate contains the materials for the new cell membranes and new cell walls After the cell splits in two a new cell wall forms where the cell plate was