1. 1 What have we done this year? Well, since Christmas anyway For this week and next one BIG PowerPoint and one BIG set of class notes! For this week and next one BIG PowerPoint and one BIG set of class notes!

2. 2 There have been 3 main areas The physical world That was about how rocks are made About the processes that changes how the world looks About rivers and how they are different in different sections of its course The working world That was about the different sorts of economic activities And a bout farming in the UK And farming in other parts of the world Then we have been looking at fragile environments In this case the Amazon

3. 3 You have an exam in 3 weeks There will be 4 questions: Question 1 will be about knowing where some of the countries in the world are – you will get 10 -15 minutes each week to go and play some quizzes and make sure you know The names of the oceans and the largest seas are and the continents Also the countries of Europe are

4. 4 You have an exam in 3 weeks There will be 5 questions altogether: Question 2 Will be on keywords – that is why all the silly quizzes are appearing on the wiki! The keyword will be of the form: What W means the conditions we get every day which are always changing? Any ideas? Question 3 Will be about the changing world Question 4 Will be about the working world Question 5 Will be about the Amazon

5. 5 Each week we will remind ourselves about the important parts of each topic The homework will be things to do on the wiki, but there won’t be any marks for those, and I won’t know whether you have done them or not – so it is really up to you if you want to do well in the exam. By the way, the PowerPoints will have notes at the bottom – so if you open them up, they will mention most of the things we have talked about

6. 6 So today we will remind ourselves about the physical world Look at http://geography-at- interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+7+Unit+ 4 http://geography-at- interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+7+Unit+ 4

7. 7 The Structure of the Earth A thin crust - 10- 100km thick and not very dense A mantle – extends almost halfway to the centre, hot and dense A core – made of molten nickel and iron. Outer part is liquid and inner part is solid. Gets hot due to radioactive decay. The Earth is believed to be 4500 million years old

8. 8

9. 9 Most of the rocks start out in the mantle And this is how they get out

10. 10 These rocks are Igneous rocks

11. 11 Igneous rocks Granite Pumice Obsidian Which one has crystals you can see? How did it cool?

12. 12 Metamorphic rocks

13. 13 Metamorphic rocks Slate Marble Quartzite Did you know I was once clay? I was limestone I was sand- stone

14. 14 Sedimentary rocks How sedimentary rocks are formed: 1) Weathering and erosion 2) Transportation 4) Burial 3) Deposition

15. 15 Sedimentary rocks Sandstone Conglomerate Limestone

16. 16 We then went on to looked at the effects of having a quarry nearby Don’t worry about that!!

17. 17 Processes at work From the source to mouth of a river three processes are taking place River erosion River Transport River Deposition

18. 18 What you find along a river’s course

19. 19 River Structure

20. 20

21. 21 Why do we get floods? Where did all the water come from?

22. 22 It is not really the rivers it is what goes on around them that matters Remember most of the water lands on the sides of the river. How much of this ends up in the river depends on a number of things Steep or flatter valley sides? Grassy or wooded valley sides? Recent weather: sunshine or rain? Town or country? Rocks are like cheese – some have holes (permable) – some don’t (impermeable). Which is better to have under you in a flood?

23. 23 We talked about a little place called Boscastle And this what happened to it on 16th August 2004. Can you think of any of the things they could do to prevent such a disaster again?

24. 24

25. 25 Revision Session 2 The working world http://geography-at- interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+7+Unit+ 5 http://geography-at- interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+7+Unit+ 5

26. 26 What did we talk about? 1. The way jobs are classified and words for different types of f arms 2. What farmers produce in different parts of the UK and why 3. How farms have changed over history and why? – but we are go to miss that out 4. What kinds of farms you find in Kenya 5. What is Fair Trade? But we will not revise all of this – just some of the important bits!!

27. 27 How can we classify jobs – why are the pictures in this order?

28. 28 What do these words mean? arable pastoral mixed intensive extensivecommercial subsistence sedentary nomadic

29. 29 Then we looked in quite a bit of detail about what the UK was like and then matched up the type of farming to it. That would be too hard for those who were not here then so this is all you need to know about: The kind of areas that you find: sheep and beef cattle Dairy cows Pastoral farming Horticulture or market gardening

30. 30 Sheep and beef cattle are not fussy where they live They don’t need much looking after so long as they have some grass But they are not the best money makers either, so not a first choice on the best land Arable is better grown in large flat fields – easier for the big machines Does not need it too wet otherwise the grains will not ripen Dairy cattle needs lots lush grass - so a lot of rain is a good thing. It need it to be warm as long as possible so the grass goes on growing into the Autumn. These cows and the lush grass do better on flatter land Market gardening is all about fruit, vegetables and flowers. Greenhouses and vegetable plots take lots of work and so are very intensive. So the plots are small. They need to be close to the market so they can be sold that day and not get damaged.

31. 31 Then we looked at the types of farming going on in Kenya You can see it is on the East Coast of Africa. 3 of the types of farming we looked at there – An example of subsistence – shamba An example of pastoral nomads – the Masai Plantation agriculture – tea -

32. 32 Shamba – Subsistence agriculture Small (1.5ha), growing maize, millet, peas & beans Keep a few animals (cattle, sheep, chickens & goats) – a source of eggs & milk but the animals sold as a cash crop Animals used as machinery Some people trained as Masai Desi (basic veterinary care) – example of a self help scheme Use basic irrigation systems to grow vegetables.

33. 33 Pastoral Nomads Local Masai people They move around with their herds of cattle looking for good grazing They are totally dependant on their cattle – food, clothing, wealth But they are loosing their land to arable farming so now grazing increasingly marginal land

34. 34 Plantations: tea plantations owned by Brooke Bond A Monoculture (only Tea is grown) A Cash crop sold to Europe Owned by a European Multi National Company, but the workers are local Kenyans 16000 workers, working 9hrs a day, earning approx. 43p/day based on picking But the housing & schooling provided free with clean water available – which is not always the case in the rest of Kenya There is also a free medical centre. And they are trying to make their system sustainable

35. 35 What is sustainable agriculture? It is agriculture that does not use resources that they cannot replace Water needs to be conserved where it is in short supply Oil/coal should not be used where there are other fuel sources Where wood is used to generate heat, then enough trees need to be planted to replace what you used

36. 36 Unilever Tea Kenya (UTK) are doing this Wood from managed plantations, mainly eucalyptus, is a renewable energy source. They coppice the trees rather than cut them down They dry the wood under plastic This means it burns better and the same wood produces 20% more heatT hey support forestry workers who teach farmers and children to plant trees They have tree nurseries growing native trees with 320 000 seedlings that will eventually be planted on their own estates They have set aside 14% of their land as natural forest or conservation areas, They will use rural areas such as forest edges and riverine strips, and along roads or around housing, schools and offices This is encourage more rainfall and stop soil erosion.

37. 37 What is unfair trade? Unfair trade is where the farmers or producers of goods do not get a reasonable price for their work. How does this happen? People in the HICs want cheap goods – be it food or clothes or whatever the LICs can produce. So the importers refuse to pay more than they can afford to provide the cheap goods – and all the importers group together so the goods have to be sold cheaply or not at all. At the other end, big plantations are owned by companies from the HIC, and they used to pay as low wages as they could, and as the locals have to work for them as there is no other work, they have to take low wages and bad conditions. Not all exported goods are produced on plantations. Some are grown as a small cash crop on basically subsistence farms. Local traders travel around these areas and collect the cocoa or coffee or whatever, and the small farmers have to sell to them at whatever price they will pay as there is no-one else who will buy it, and often this is not very much – these local traders take everyone’s goods to the next big town, where it collected by bigger traders who then export the goods.

38. 38 What is Fairtrade? The main idea behind Fairtrade Foundation is to make sure that the producers get a reasonable price for their goods. In the case of farmers, they are promised ahead of time what that will be, so that they have a degree of certainty about what income they will get. They work with their regional cooperative to cut back on pesticides and fertilizers so that their production will be sustainable. There is also a social premium paid to the community which is then invested in education, clean water, health care – whatever that community decides.

39. 39 Cocoa farmers in Ghana Lucy Mansa is a cocoa farmer who makes her living by growing and selling cocoa beans. She lives in a small village in Ghana called Fenaso Domeabra. But the price farmers received for their cocoa beans was often very low. Lucy and other farmers in her village used to have to sell their cocoa to the Ghanaian government. They were often cheated and earned very little money for their hard work. They could do very little about it, until cocoa farmers in the same situation decided to get together and form their own company. They called their company Kuapa Kokoo, which means "good cocoa farmer." Lucy says, 'I am very happy: since I joined Fair Trade I can afford to send my children to school'

40. 40 It has really helped Lucy and thousands of other farmers. Kuapa Kokoo pays all its farmers a fair price for their crop, in cash, and on time. But Fair trade has other advantages The social premium means that in Lucy's village of Fenaso Domeabra a new well has been built. Clean water for everyone! Desmond Mensah, Lucy’s son, sees the benefits of Fair Trade. "I'm very happy that we have this well; I've never seen clean water like this before. Before we got this well, we had to walk long distances through the forests in search of water, and even then it wasn't clean. We want to sell more of our cocoa to Fair Trade companies so that we can invest in more things for the community. At the moment, I go to school, but some of my friends don't. I like school, I think education is important. My favourite subject is maths, but I also like football." Desmond uses the well

41. 41 Other examples that you found out about for fair trade are on http://geography-at- interhigh.wikispaces.com/Ye ar+7+Unit+5 at the bottom of the page are 2 PPs of your work, if you want to choose another one http://geography-at- interhigh.wikispaces.com/Ye ar+7+Unit+5 http://geography-at- interhigh.wikispaces.com/Ye ar+7+Unit+5

42. 42 Revision 3 The Amazon Rainforest http://geography-at- interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year +7+Unit+6 http://geography-at- interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year +7+Unit+6

43. 43 The dark green areas are all – what? What is the pattern of where they are? Which is B? BO? C? V? E? The Amazon is in … and 4 countries that form part of it are …..

44. 44 Look at the sun’s rays as they hit the Earth same width ray, more spread out – not so hot same width ray, not spread out at all, much hotter

45. 45 Now lets see how the rays pass through the atmosphere Look how much thicker the air is As the rays from the sun pass through the atmosphere, some of the heat is reflected back out into space. The thicker the air, the more heat there is that never reaches earth It is hotter at the equator because the sun’s heat are more spread out/ concentrated and the sun’s rays travel through more/less atmosphere

46. 46 Why does it always rain in the Amazon? About 4 o’clock nearly every day The sun heats up the warm, damp surfaces. The water turning into water vapour. Warm air rises, taking the water vapour with it. High up it is colder and the water vapour forms clouds, giving heavy rain.

47. 47 The Natural Greenhouse Effect at work The Earth is covered by a blanket of gas. The energy from the Sun reaches the Earth’s surface, where some it is converted to heat energy. Most of the heat( blue arrows) is re-radiated towards space, but some is trapped by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This natural effect allows the Earth’s temperature to be kept at a level necessary to support life.

48. 48 The Natural Greenhouse Effect at work The main Greenhouse Gas is Carbon Dioxide. Until the last 200 years, the amount of CO 2 has remained stable. This is why The natural greenhouse effect helps the Earth stay warm/get hotter. The carbon dioxide/oxygen in the air traps enough of the Sun’s heat to do this. The CO 2 stays the same because animals breath it in/out and plants take it in/out

49. 49 But then there is the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Look how this is different! Much more of the heat from the sun gets trapped in the atmosphere So the Earth gets hotter

50. 50 Why is more heat getting trapped? We are taking the stored carbon from the ground (oil and coal and gas) and burning it This releases the CO 2 and so the main greenhouse gas is increasing

51. 51 Where does the rain forest come into this? The only way carbon dioxide can be taken out of the atmosphere is by the plants – and trees are better at it than most because they are bigger and need to make more sugar to grow. Without our forests, less of the carbon dioxide would taken out of the air, so more of it would be left to trap more heat from the sun. So this is why do the rainforests matter to the Earth

52. 52 So these are the things that can happen if we increase the amount of greenhouses gases Some places will be wetter colder drier Windier Hotter The enhanced greenhouse effect helps the Earth stay warm/get hotter. The CO 2 stays the same/increases because we are burning fossil fuels and/or cutting down the trees

53. 53 If we cut down trees the forests will suffer as well Before: moist, shaded, with lots of leaves to make compost After: dry and desiccated as the sun dries up the soil and makes it cracked – the compost blows away The soil

54. 54 The temperature Before: the temperature is kept down in the day because of the shade, but the trees act as a blanket making it only a bit cooler at night After: Very hot in the day but cools quickly at night with no protective trees

55. 55 Vegetation Before: Lots of thing grew After: With poor soil and the water evaporated, it would turn into a desert eventually

56. 56 Greenhouses gases Before: As much as 10% may be trapped After: None is taken in. But worse still even more can be released, by burning or rotting

57. 57 Flooding and drought Before: Heavy rain hits the tree-tops and drips down through the branches, runs down the trunks and soaks into the soft earth After: The heavy rain hits the baked earth hard, forming puddles and floods. The earth has been baked by the sun so it floods and then runs off into the river, taking any loose soil with it – this is called soil erosion

58. 58 Can you think of… …3 ways the forest suffers when the trees are cut down? Hints Soil, temperature, vegetation, greenhouse gases, flood and drought

59. 59 What are the main causes of deforestation?

60. 60 So what could they do instead? We looked for sustainable activities – activities that do not use up or destroy what is there Sustainable logging Harvesting and growing forest fruits – acai and guarana, brazil nuts, vanilla Agroforestry – what is that? Why is it a good thing? Eco-tourism that saves the things people want to see – is run by the people who live there and improved their quality of life

61. 61 The last two ideas Can you think of 3 of the main reasons why the rainforest is being cut down? Could you write a short paragraph explaining about one scheme/project that is using the rainforest in a sustainable way? Go to http://geography-at- interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+7+Unit+6, especially Week 30 for fuller explanations of one scheme to write your paragraph about http://geography-at- interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+7+Unit+6http://geography-at- interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+7+Unit+6