 Some eat plants, some eat animals, and some eat both.  Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores  Digest their own food  Move from place to place to find food, mates, places to live, and to escape enemies.  Multi-cellular  Eukaryotic  9 major groups (Phylums)  Most of these groups are invertebrates

 Invertebrates  Vertebrates

 No backbones  Have an outside covering or are supported by the water they live in  Contain:  Coelentrates (hydra)  Sponges  Flatworms (tapeworm)  Roundworms (hookworms)  Segmented worms (earthworm, leeches)  Mollusks (clams, oysters)  Arthropods (lobsters, insects)  Echinoderms (sea stars)

 Have a backbone  Endoskeleton provides support for the body and aids in movement  Contains:  Jawless fish (lamprey)  Cartilaginous fish (sharks)  Bony fish (catfish)  Amphibians (frog)  Reptiles (turtle)  Birds  Mammals

 Porifera  Cnidaria  Platyhelminthes  Nematoda  Annelida  Mollusca  Arthropoda  Echinodermata  Chordata

 The simplest of the animal groups.  Most adult sponges live in slat water, attached to the sea bottom or some other object.  A sponge’s body is composed of 2 layers of body cells.  These body cells cling to a network of tiny spikes or fibers that surrounds the hollow central cavity of the sponge.  Water and wastes leave through a large opening on the top.

 Simple animals whose bodies are composed of two specialized layers of cells (tissues) separated by a jelly-like substance  All live in water and have a hollow sac-like body that has a single opening through which food enters and wastes are expelled.  Sometimes these openings are surrounded by tentacles lined with stinging cells.  Examples: Hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals.

 Flatworms  Have a flattened body with one body opening, a digestive system, and a simple nervous system.  Examples:  Turbellarians are free living flatworms  Blood flukes, liver flukes, and tapeworms are parasitic flatworms.

 Roundworms  Named for their rounded body shape.  Have a straight digestive tube and two body openings—one for taking in food and another for getting rid of wastes.  Most are free-living found in pond water or in moist soils.  Some are parasitic on animals or plants.  For example, ascaris worms and hookworms live in the intestines of humans and other mammals.

 Segmented worms  Have rounded bodies with 2 body openings divided into a series of segments.  Examples: earthworms, leeches, and marine tube worms.

 Soft-bodied animals with well-developed organ systems.  Many mollusks have hard shells made up of calcium to protect their bodies.  Examples: clams and oysters  Octopuses and squids are also mollusks but they have tentacles, but no external shell.

 By far the largest group of animals.  Characterized by multiple body segments and jointed appendages.  Live successfully in water or on land.  May have complex lifecycles (multiple phases.)  Arthropods have a hardened exoskeleton that protects their well-developed organ systems.  An exoskeleton is a hard outer covering for protection.  Example arthropods: insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, lobsters, centipedes, and millipedes.

 Move by using special structures called tube feet, which resemble suction cups.  Known for their ability to regenerate missing parts.  This is the ability to grow new body parts in place of missing ones.  Example organisms: Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers.

 Phylum contains the following groups:  Jawless fishes  Cartilaginous fishes  Bony fishes  Amphibians  Reptiles  Birds  Mammals

 Have jawless mouths adapted for sucking body fluids from other fishes  Have elongated snake-like bodies with no appendages.  Gills for obtaining oxygen  Flexible skeletons of cartilage  Like all other fishes they are ectotherms.  This means that they have a body temperature that changes according to the temperature of the environment.  Example: The Sea Lamprey

 Animals such as sharks  Generally live in the ocean  Have skeletons made of cartilage, 2 fleshy fins, gills, and strong jaws with many rows of teeth for tearing and eating flesh.  Stingrays and skates are other members of this group.

 The most numerous and varied kind of fishes  Have gills and skeletons made of bone  Most have a stream-lined body that is tapered at both ends and 2 pairs of fan-like fins  Their fins and body shape allow them to move easily through the water  Examples: catfish, goldfish, flounder, eels, trout, etc.

 Name amphibian means “double life”  Most amphibians live part of their lives in water and part on land.  Most amphibians have 2 pairs of legs as adults.  Amphibians lay their eggs in water and are ectotherms  Usually have smooth skin that must be kept moist.  Most have gills when they are young and lungs as adults.  Examples: frogs, toads, and salamanders

 Many have 2 pairs of strong legs with clawed toes for digging, climbing, and moving on land.  Covered by hard plates or scales that prevent water loss by evaporation.  Lay eggs that are surrounded by a tough, leathery shell that prevents them from drying out.  Breath with lungs and are ectotherms.  Examples: turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and alligators.

 Have light, hollow bones and enlarged lungs as adaptations for flying.  Body covering of feathers and a pair of wings  Scaly legs and feet with clawed toes  Lay eggs covered by a hard shell.  Are endotherms  This means that they have a body temperature that remains constant despite temperature changes in the environment.

 Have a very advanced nervous system, which includes a highly developed brain and keen senses.  Feed their young with milk from mammary glands  Have hair on their bodies and breathe with lungs  Endotherms  Found on land, in the air, and in water.  One small group of mammals lay eggs but all other give birth to live young.  Examples: Lion, human, dolphin, bat