One Out of Five Teenagers is Overweight 40% increase in proportion of overweight teens, over a 12-year period Possible Causes: Too much junk food Too much TV watching Lack of Exercise Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1994) 15%21% '76 - '80'88 - '91 TEENS 25%31% '76 - '80'88 - '91 ADULTS

Attention to hypothetical ideas and possibilities Scientific reasoning Logical combination of ideas Abstract thinking FEATURES OF FORMAL OPERATIONAL THINKING

There are: 3 weights (A, B, C) 3 lengths of string (1, 2, 3) 3 push positions (X, Y, Z) Which makes the quickest arc? The Pendulum Problem A Piagetian test for formal operational thinking Source: Howard Gruber & J. Jacques Vonesce, The Essential Piaget. New York, Basic Books (1977) X Y Z B C A

PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL (emphasis on avoiding punishments and getting awards) Stage 1: Heteronomous morality; ethics of punishment and obedience Stage 2: Instrumental purpose; ethics of market exchange CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (emphasis on social rules) Stage 3: Interpersonal conformity; ethics of peer opinion Stage 4: Social system orientation: conformity to social system; ethics of law and order POSTCONVENTIOANL LEVEL (emphasis on moral principles) Stage 5: Social contract orientation; ethics of social contract and individual rights Stage 6:Ethics of self-chosen universal principles KOHLBERG'S STAGES OF MORAL JUDGMENT

Longitudinal Development of Moral Reasoning Moral reasoning (percent) 70 stage 1stage 2stage 3stage 4stage 5 Age (in Years)

Gilligans's Stages of Moral Development FeaturesStage Stage 1 Survival orientation Stage 2Conventional care Stage 3Integrated care Egocentric concern for self, lack of awareness of others' needs; "right" action is what promotes emotional or physical survival Lack of distinction between what others want and what is right; "right" action is whatever pleases others best Coordination or integration of needs of self and of others; "right" action takes account of self as well as others

Developmental Changes in Information Processing Environmental stimuli (input) Sensory register (SR) Control processes Increased efficiency Attention Recognition Rehearsal Organization Meaningfulness Short-term memory (STM) Increased size Long-term memory (LTM) Greater specific expertise Greater knowledge about problem- solving Response (output)

Piaget’s formal operational stage Scientific and abstract thinking develop Information processing skills continue to improve Moral development matures Piaget’s formal operational stage Scientific and abstract thinking develop Information processing skills continue to improve Moral development matures Summary of Adolescent Cognitive Development