Chapter 1 Section 1 Early Humans

A. Anthropologists ● Focus on human societies, how humans develop, and how they relate to each other B. Archaeologists ● Hunt for evidence buried in the ground where settlements might once have been ● They dig up and study artifacts…weapons, tools, and other things made by humans. ● They look for fossils…traces of plants or animals that have been preserved in rock. Scientists Who Study the Past

Who Were the Hunter-Gatherers? A. Stone Age ● Prehistoric period of human history ● People used stone to make tools and weapons B. Paleolithic Age or Old Stone Age ● People hunted animals and caught fish ● Gathered nuts, berries, fruits, and plants

Nomads ● People who regularly move from place to place without a fixed home A. Women ● Stayed close to campsite ● Cared for children ● Searched nearby for berries, nuts, grains B. Men ● Hunted far from camp ● Used spears, traps, bows and arrows to catch animals

Adapting to the Environment A. Warm Climates ● Little clothing or shelter required B. Cold Climates ● Sought protection in caves or using animal hides C. Fire ● Gave warmth ● Lit the darkness and scared animals ● Cooked food tasted better and could be kept longer

The Ice Ages A.Ice Ages were long periods of extreme cold ● Thick ice sheets covered parts of Europe, Asia, and North America B. Early humans had to adapt ● Changed their diet ● Built sturdier shelters ● Used animal furs to make warm clothing C. Mastery of Fire helped people to live in this environment.

Invention of Tools Technology ● Tools and methods that help humans perform tasks A. Flint ● A stone that could be shaped into pieces with very sharp edges to make axes and spears B. Animal bones ● Made fish hooks and needles to make baskets, nets, and to sew animal hides

The Rise of Farming Communities ● Farming Communities developed around 7,000-2,000 B.C. ● Communities appeared in North and South America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. ● Humans adapted to each region by growing a different variety of crops sustained by the climate of the region (See text page 128)

A. Mesolithic Age ● Middle Stone Age where people change from hunting to herding animals ● Domesticated animals carried goods and pulled carts B. Neolithic Age ● New Stone Age when farming replaced hunting and gathering ● Also known as the agricultural revolution

Positive Results of the Agricultural Revolution ● People practiced specialization (the development of different types of jobs) ● Fewer people starved ● Population grew ● More children lived to adulthood ● More organized societies and cities ● Greater security ● Surplus food could be traded

Negative Results of the Agricultural Revolution ● People had to work harder and for longer hours ● Overcrowding occurred because people had to live in one place to farm ● It was easier for diseases to spread ● Polluting of the environment with dirty water and garbage occurred