Demographics are Our Friends!!!! More people are alive at this time– about 6.7 billion – than at any other point in Earth’s long history.

Where are the people of the world? The portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement is called the Ecumene. Human beings avoid clustering in certain physical environments. Those that are too dry, too wet, too hot, too cold, or too mountainous. Humans need arable land in order to produce food! Approx. 3/4 th of the world’s population live on only 5% of Earth’s surface. Much less thousands of years ago.

Dry Lands 20% of the Earth is too dry for farming. Deserts lack sufficient water to grow crops that could feed a large population – although some people survive there by raising animals, such as camels, that are adapted to the climate. Despite poor agriculture – many natural resources are found in the deserts of the world – including much of the world’s oil reserves. The increasing demand for these resources has led to a growth in settlements in or near deserts.

Wet Lands Lands that receive very high levels of precipitation are usually inhospitable for humans. Located primarily along the equator (20N-20S) Rainfall averages range from 50 inches to most with over 90 inches per year. The combination of rain and heat rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil – hindering agriculture If the rainfall is seasonal – it can allow for a growing season that can support a large population.

Cold Lands North & South Poles are permanently covered with ice or the ground is frozen (permafrost) Receives very little precipitation – but over thousands of years the small amount of snowfall has accumulated into thick ice. Unsuitable for planting crops Few animals can survive the extreme cold

High Lands Few people live at high elevations. The highest mountains in the world are steep, snow-covered, and sparsely settled. Exceptions are found along the equator as people may prefer to occupy high lands if the temperatures & precipitation are uncomfortably high at lower elevations. Mexico City – one of the world’s largest cities – is located at an elevation of 7,360 feet.

Population Concentrations Most people live near an Ocean or River »2/3rds of the world’s population live within 300 miles »4/5ths live within 500 miles Low-lying areas Fertile Soil Temperate Climate

Population Concentrations Two thirds of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in four regions: East Asia, South Asia, Europe, & Southeast Asia

This cartogram displays countries by the size of their population rather than their land area. (Only countries with 50 million or more people are named.)

EAST ASIA 1/5 th (23.2%) of the world’s people live in East Asia China, Japan, North and South Korea, & Taiwan China is the world’s most populous country 1.3 billion China – 48 urban areas over 1 million – 20 > 2 million 2/3rds live in rural areas & are subsistence farmers. Japan & S. Korea 1/3 rd live in Tokyo & Osaka or Seoul 3/4ths live in urban areas & work industrial or service jobs.

SOUTH ASIA 1/5 th (22.17%) of the world’s people live in South Asia India (2), Pakistan (6), Bangladesh(7), Sri Lanka India is expected to become # 1 by 2030 Population is clustered along a 900 mile corridor – along the plains of the Indus and Ganges Rivers & along both of India’s coasts. 45 urban areas over 1 million – 19 > 2 million 3/4 th of the people live in rural areas & are farmers

SOUTHEAST ASIA 1/13 th (8%) of the world’s population live in SE Asia Indonesia – 13,677 islands – 4 th most populous nation - Java (100 million) High percentage of people working as farmers in rural areas. 3 Asian clusters – make up ½ of the total world population < 10% of the land

EUROPE 1/9 th (11%) of the world’s people live in Europe (3 rd biggest cluster) 4 dozen countries – Monaco to Russia 3/4 th live in cities Great infrastructure links the area together Lowest CBR 20% are farmers Must import food & other resources

OTHER POPULATION CLUSTERS 2% of World’s population lives in West Africa ½ live in Nigeria (8 th world – 1 st in Africa) Highest NIR in the world 5 urban areas > 2 million 11 > 1 million Most W. Africans work as farmers in rural areas

POPULATION After learning where people are distributed across Earth’s surface, we can identify the locations where the numbers of people are increasing, decreasing, or staying the same We can learn even more about them through….

Demographics Demographics are statistics that describe a population. One statistic can say a lot about a population. –How big… –How fast… –How much in need… –How etc. Let’s start with what we know already!!!

POPULATION DENSITY Density – The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area. Arithmetic density – total number of people divided by the total land area USA 78 per sq. mi. Canada 8 Australia 7 Bangladesh 2,640 per sq. mi. India 840 Physiological density – total number of people supported by a unit area of arable land USA 404 per sq. mile Egypt 9,073 per sq. mile The higher the physiological density – the greater the pressure that people may place on the land to produce enough food. Agricultural density – total number of farmers to the amount of arable land. USA 4 farmers per sq. kilometer Egypt 1,401 farmers per sq. km. Most Developed countries have lower agricultural densities b/c technology & finance allow few people to farm the land – freeing people to work in other areas.

POPULATION Crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. Crude death rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society. Natural increase rate (NIR) is the percentage by which a population grows in a year. CBR – CDR/100= NIR

Natural Increase About 80 million people are being added to the population of the world annually (Highest was 87 million in 1989) NIR is about 1.3% (highest in 1963 at 2.2%) Population increased from; 3-4 billion in 14 years 4-5 billion in 13 years 5-6 billion in 12 years The rate of natural increase affects the doubling time, which is the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. Virtually 100% of the NIR is clustered in less developed countries NIR exceeds 2.0% in most countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, & the Middle East.

Fertility Highest crude birth rates are in sub-Saharan Africa, and the lowest are in Europe. Ave. SS Africa CBR is over 40 Ave. Europe CBR is below 10 Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is used to measure the number of births in a society. The TFR is the average number of children a women will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49) The total fertility rate for the world as a whole is approx. 3 children per women Ave. SS Africa TFR is over 6 Ave. Europe TFR is under 2

Mortality Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births. Highest IMR rates in poorer countries LDC 10% Europe < 5% In general, the IMR reflects a country’s healthcare system. The US has a higher IMR than Canada & most European countries. –More poor people with inadequate healthcare

LIFE EXPECTANCY Life expectancy – measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels in a country. Lower in the poorer countries Higher in the richer countries

Dependency Ratio – the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years. The larger the percentage of dependants, the greater the financial burden on those who are working to support those who cannot. Sex Ratio – the number of males per one hundred females. Varies from country to country – region to region – generation to generation Europe & N. America – 95:100 Rest of the world – 102:100

DEVELOPED COUNTRY More Developed Country HIGH GNP/GDP High Income Literacy rate Life expectancy Urban % Agricultural productivity Access to many types of technology Access to many types of transportation LOW Birth rate Death rate Infant mortality rate --People make their living by manufacturing and services --Commercial farming --Population grows slowly— fewer kids, adults live longer

DEVELOPING COUNTRY Less Developed Country LOW GNP/GDP High Income Literacy rate Life expectancy Urban % Agricultural productivity Limited access to technology Limited access to transportation HIGH Birth rate Death rate Infant mortality rate --People make their living by farming, fishing, forestry --Subsistence farming --Population grows quickly— most kids die young and adults don’t live long

United States of America (3 rd most populous nation) 4.5% of total world 5% with Canada included U.S. POPClock Projection According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the resident population of the United States, projected to 08/02/08 at 03:54 GMT (EST+5) is 9/15/11 312,218,369 COMPONENT SETTINGS FOR AUGUST 2008 One birth every seconds One death every seconds One international migrant (net) every seconds Net gain of one person every seconds Atlantic Coastline & Great Lakes Mostly urban living & working Less than 5% are farmers The US takes a census of the population every 10 years